Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 6, December 2024, pages 460-466

Effects of Heart Rate Fluctuation on Aerobic Training Outcomes in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Prospective Study

↓ Figure 1. A 42-year-old male patient is exercising under the guidance of medical staff (model: SONE SERIAL#151-008739, SCIFIT Systems Inc.).

↓ Figure 2. Heart rate change curve of two patients randomly selected from the two exercise groups during the exercise process after the first month of aerobic training.

↓ **Table 1.** Cohort Characteristics
Characteristics	CON (n = 31)	MIS (n = 32)	MIL (n = 34)	Significance
Values are mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; CON: control; MIS: medium-intensity heart rate small range; MIL: medium-intensity heart rate large range; SD: standard deviation.
Age (years)	59.2 ± 6.2	60.2 ± 6.7	59.4 ± 7.3	NS
Period (years)	3.8 ± 1.5	5.1 ± 1.8	4.6 ± 2.0	NS
BMI (kg/m²)	26.3 ± 2.3	26.1 ± 1.9	26.2 ± 1.4	NS
Clinical characteristics
Diseased vessels (one and two)	31 (100%)	32 (100%)	34 (100%)	NS
History of myocardial infarction	13 (42%)	14 (44%)	13 (38%)	NS
Kidney function mild abnormality	15 (48%)	13 (41%)	16 (47%)	NS
Family history of coronary artery disease	9 (30%)	11 (34%)	11 (32%)	NS
Cardiovascular risk factors
Smoker (%)	10 (32%)	11 (34%)	13 (38%)	NS
Diabetes (%)	6 (19%)	5 (15%)	6 (18%)	NS
Hypertension (%)	12 (39%)	13 (40%)	15 (44%)	NS
Medication
Beta-blockers	24	21	23	NS
Anti-thrombotics	20	19	22	NS
Anti-hypertensives	10	12	11	NS
Statins	27	29	26	NS
Antidiabetics	6	5	5	NS

↓ Table 1. Cohort Characteristics

Characteristics

CON (n = 31)

MIS (n = 32)

MIL (n = 34)

Significance

Values are mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; CON: control; MIS: medium-intensity heart rate small range; MIL: medium-intensity heart rate large range; SD: standard deviation.

Age (years)

59.2 ± 6.2

60.2 ± 6.7

59.4 ± 7.3

Period (years)

3.8 ± 1.5

5.1 ± 1.8

4.6 ± 2.0

BMI (kg/m²)

26.3 ± 2.3

26.1 ± 1.9

26.2 ± 1.4

Clinical characteristics

Diseased vessels (one and two)

31 (100%)

32 (100%)

34 (100%)

History of myocardial infarction

13 (42%)

14 (44%)

13 (38%)

Kidney function mild abnormality

15 (48%)

13 (41%)

16 (47%)

Family history of coronary artery disease

9 (30%)

11 (34%)

11 (32%)

Cardiovascular risk factors

Smoker (%)

10 (32%)

11 (34%)

13 (38%)

Diabetes (%)

6 (19%)

5 (15%)

6 (18%)

Hypertension (%)

12 (39%)

13 (40%)

15 (44%)

Medication

Beta-blockers

Anti-thrombotics

Anti-hypertensives

Statins

Antidiabetics

↓ **Table 2.** Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Parameters Throughout Training
Variable	CON	MIS	MIL
^aP < 0.01 vs. compared with before treatment. ^bP < 0.05 vs. compared with before treatment. ^cP < 0.01 vs. control group. ^dP < 0.05 vs. control group.^eP < 0.01 vs. MIL post-group. ^fP < 0.05 vs. MIL post-group. CON: control; MIS: medium-intensity heart rate small range; MIL: medium-intensity heart rate large range; RHR: resting heart rate; HRR: heart rate recovery; HRmax: maximum heart rate; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance.
RHR	70.3 ± 4.6	69.1 ± 5.2	71.1 ± 4.1	65.3 ± 3.0^{a, c, e}	70.1 ± 3.8	68.9 ± 5.2
HRR	11.2 ± 4.3	11.6 ± 5.3	12.1 ± 5.3	16.7 ± 3.2^{a, d}	12.6 ± 5.1	15.3 ± 4.3^a
HRmax	125.3 ± 12.1	124.3 ± 15.2	122.1 ± 16.2	131.2 ± 11.2^b	123.1 ± 10.2	136.2 ± 7.4^{a, c}
6MWD	390.3 ± 54.2	400.3 ± 47.2	403.4 ± 39.5	432.3 ± 52.3^a	389.4 ± 41.4	457.4 ± 32.1^{a, c}

↓ Table 2. Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Parameters Throughout Training

Variable

CON

MIS

MIL

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

^aP < 0.01 vs. compared with before treatment. ^bP < 0.05 vs. compared with before treatment. ^cP < 0.01 vs. control group. ^dP < 0.05 vs. control group.^eP < 0.01 vs. MIL post-group. ^fP < 0.05 vs. MIL post-group. CON: control; MIS: medium-intensity heart rate small range; MIL: medium-intensity heart rate large range; RHR: resting heart rate; HRR: heart rate recovery; HRmax: maximum heart rate; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance.

RHR

70.3 ± 4.6

69.1 ± 5.2

71.1 ± 4.1

65.3 ± 3.0^{a, c, e}

70.1 ± 3.8

68.9 ± 5.2

HRR

11.2 ± 4.3

11.6 ± 5.3

12.1 ± 5.3

16.7 ± 3.2^{a, d}

12.6 ± 5.1

15.3 ± 4.3^a

HRmax

125.3 ± 12.1

124.3 ± 15.2

122.1 ± 16.2

131.2 ± 11.2^b

123.1 ± 10.2

136.2 ± 7.4^{a, c}

6MWD

390.3 ± 54.2

400.3 ± 47.2

403.4 ± 39.5

432.3 ± 52.3^a

389.4 ± 41.4

457.4 ± 32.1^{a, c}