Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access
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Original Article

Volume 16, Number 1, February 2025, pages 53-63<

Heart Failure and Sepsis-Related Mortality Trends in the United States, 1999 - 2019: An Analysis of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Regional Disparities

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Trends in age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) related to HF, sepsis, and both in the USA (1999 - 2019). HF: 1999 to 2012 APC: -2.27*, 2012 to 2019 APC: 1.99*. Sepsis 1999 to 2012 APC: -0.48*, 2012 to 2017 APC: 1.66*, 2017 to 2019 APC: -3.69*. *Statistically significant results. HF: heart failure; APC: annual percentage change.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Trends in HF and sepsis-related age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) stratified by gender in the USA (1999 - 2019). Overall, 1999 to 2005 APC: 0.53, 2005 to 2012 APC: -1.96, 2012 to 2019 APC: 4.65*. Female 1999 to 2005 APC: 0.24, 2005 to 2012 APC: -2.47. Male 1999 to 2005 APC: 0.90, 2005 to 2012 APC: -1.48, 2012 to 2019 APC: 5.20*. *Statistically significant results. HF: heart failure; APC: annual percentage change.
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Trends in HF and sepsis-related age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) stratified by race in the USA (1999 - 2019). Black or African American 1999 to 2005 APC: -0.72, 2005 to 2011 APC: -4.58*, 2011 to 2019 APC: 1.98*. White 1999 to 2005 APC: 0.75, 2005 to 2012 APC: -1.68, 2012 to 2019 APC: 5.07*. *Statistically significant results. HF: heart failure; APC: annual percentage change.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Trends in HF and sepsis-related age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) stratified by region in the USA (1999 - 2019). Northeast 1999 to 2006 APC: -0.54, 2006 to 2009 APC: -5.03, 2009 to 2019 APC: 1.72. Midwest 1999 to 2013 APC: -0.89*, 2013 to 2019 APC: 5.61*. South 1999 to 2005 APC: 0.42, 2005 to 2012 APC: -2.81*, 2012 to 2019 APC: 5.37*. West 1999 to 2005 APC: 3.16*, 2005 to 2014 APC: 0.11, 2014 to 2017 APC: 9.45, 2017 to 2019 APC: -0.72. *Statistically significant results. HF: heart failure; APC: annual percentage change.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Trends in HF and sepsis-related age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) stratified by region and race in the USA (1999 - 2019). African American Northeast 1999 to 2009 APC: -3.94*, 2009 to 2019 APC: 0.05; African American Midwest 1999 to 2016 APC: -2.97*, 2016 to 2019 APC: 4.61; African American South 1999 to 2006 APC: -0.79, 2006 to 2011 APC: -6.02*, 2011 to 2019 APC: 3.18*; African American West 1999 to 2005 APC: 9.26*, 2005 to 2011 APC: -3.96*, 2011 to 2019 APC: 3.08*. White Northeast 1999 to 2006 APC: -0.22, 2006 to 2009 APC: -4.93, 2009 to 2019 APC: 1.98; White Midwest 1999 to 2012 APC: -0.85*, 2012 to 2019 APC: 5.30*; White South 1999 to 2005 APC: 0.70, 2005 to 2012 APC: -2.40*, 2012 to 2019 APC: 5.64*; White West 1999 to 2013 APC: 1.22, 2013 to 2019 APC: 5.47*. *Statistically significant results. HF: heart failure; APC: annual percentage change.
Figure 6.
Figure 6. (a, b) Trends in overall number of HF and sepsis-related deaths stratified by place of death in the USA (1999 - 2019). (c, d) Trends in the percentage of HF and sepsis-related deaths stratified by place of death in the USA (1999 - 2019).

Table

Table 1. Annual HF + Sepsis Deaths, Stratified by Gender and Race, Along With HF and Sepsis Deaths From 1999 to 2019
 
YearHeart failureSepsisHF + sepsisFemaleMaleBlack or African AmericanWhite
HF: heart failure.
1999271,853105,4319,9165,8334,0831,3228,426
2000271,991104,5699,8735,8374,0361,3558,357
2001269,209105,8789,8415,7834,0581,3168,341
2002267,254108,1249,9845,8004,1841,3228,446
2003269,110108,77610,4396,0354,4041,3358,895
2004263,769108,60810,6175,9944,6231,3219,072
2005270,942113,93511,2706,4624,8081,4339,581
2006261,285113,02111,0226,2034,8191,3329,420
2007256,157112,89110,3875,7694,6181,2768,849
2008260,129117,72210,6775,9544,7231,3019,075
2009253,082115,31510,4845,6064,8781,2408,943
2010257,683117,78110,6835,8954,7881,2599,115
2011262,103121,11411,1326,0005,1321,2479,577
2012263,246121,77510,9235,7705,1531,2929,293
2013275,742128,24911,6516,1075,5441,3769,899
2014283,643134,15912,3386,4445,8941,37710,601
2015303,747145,09113,9907,2106,7801,59411,969
2016308,910146,34514,6297,4817,1481,63712,546
2017325,722151,98315,9528,0477,9051,84313,542
2018339,962153,78216,9128,4128,5001,88414,452
2019352,260149,97417,3958,4328,9631,96214,873
Total5,887,7992,584,523250,115135,074115,04130,024213,272