Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 2, April 2025, pages 153-160

The Prognostic Value of Circulating Cytokines and Complete Blood Count-Based Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Figure 1. Comparison of ferritin (FERIT1, FERIT2, and FERIT3) levels in patients with (1) and without (0) atrial fibrillation.

Figure 3. IL-6 serum levels change in COVID-19 patients with (1) or without atrial fibrillation (0) group. IL: interleukin; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019.

**Table 1.** Comparison of Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Parameters Between Patients With and Without Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
Parameters	Without AF	With AF	Without AF	With AF
SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum; Max: maximum; Q1: first quartile; Q3: third quartile; CT: computed tomography; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase.
Age (years)	59.29 ± 17.63 (18 - 93)	77.13 ± 8.79 (60 - 91)	61.00 (50.00- 72.00)	79.00 (60.00 - 85.00)
Hospitalization (days)	7.95 ± 2.92 (3 - 19)	13.48 ± 8.65 (4.0 - 32.0)	7 (6 - 10)	10 (7 - 19)
CT score	7.9 ± 4.05 (1.0 - 21.0)	10.74 ± 4.6 (6.0 - 20.0)	6.50 (5 - 10)	10.00 (6 - 15.00)
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)	135.4 ± 527.71 (2.63 - 3,166)	149.53 ± 383.58 (2.09 - 1,412)	18.57 (7.36 - 38.67)	26.56 (12.30 - 39.57)
C-reactive protein	39.66 ± 53.23 (0.3 - 221)	26.86 ± 19.82 (1.41 - 61.81)	16.99 (5.37 - 47.50)	29.14 (6.56 - 48.00)
Ferritin	263.27 ± 255.82 (15 - 1,641)	442.82 ± 397.25 (100 - 2,000)	193.90 (89.92 - 379.00)	100 (194.00 - 537.60)
Platelets	205.95 ± 56.87 (126 - 390)	201.09 ± 73.63 (74 - 366)	196.00 (159.00 - 238.00)	200.00 (140.00 - 245.00)
Leukocytes (× 10³)	6.12 ± 2.65 (2.05 - 15.0)	7.49 ± 3.77 (2.52 - 18)	5.48 (4.24 - 7.32)	6.81 (4.93 - 10.56)
Lymphocytes	1.61 ± 0.48 (0.73 - 2.50)	1.68 ± 0.40 (0.92 - 2.40)	1.71 (1.00 - 1.85)	1.71 (1.50 - 1.85)
Fever (°C)	37.54 ± 0.72 (37 - 40)	37.87 ± 0.97 (37 - 40)	37.00 (37.00 - 38.00)	38.00 (37.00 - 39.00)
Saturation	92.15 ± 5.5 (70 - 98)	88.48 ± 6.16 (75 - 98)	94 (90 - 96)	89 (84 - 94)
Neutrophils	3.56 ± 1.31 (1.60 - 7.86)	3.70 ± 1.53 (2.23 - 8.18)	3.0 (2.56 - 4.20)	3.50 (2.63 - 4.60)
LDH	345.04 ± 143.65 (125 - 781)	362.35 ± 132.62 (219 - 832)	316.50 (227.00 - 455.00)	346.00 (279.50 - 400.00)
Creatinine	1.10 ± 0.62 (0.54 - 4.78)	1.02 ± 0.28 (0.5 - 1.78)	0.94 (0.78 - 1.29)	1.00 (0.8 - 1.15)
ALT	54.4 ± 194.44 (2.0 - 1,553.0)	23.16 ± 15.53 (0.5 - 54)	23.85 (17.90 - 40.00)	23.00 (12.60 - 31.10)
AST	50.44 ± 163.01 (1 - 1,309)	26.69 ± 15.33 (0.8 - 59.10)	27.65 (20.30 - 36.90)	25.7 (17.00 - 40.00)
D-dimer	0.72 ± 0.69 (0.12 - 4)	1.63 ± 1.59 (0.18 - 5.16)	0.45 (0.28 - 0.95)	1.00 (0.5 - 2.00)
Troponin	0.05 ± 0.06 (0 - 0.14)	0.06 ± 0.10 (0 - 0.38)	0.001 (0.00 - 0.12)	0.001 (0.00 - 0.12)
Procalcitonin	0.13 ± 0.17(0.03 - 1)	0.11 ± 0.05 (0.03 - 0.2)	0.12 (0.03 - 0.12)	0.12 (0.08 - 0.12)

Table 1. Comparison of Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Parameters Between Patients With and Without Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

Parameters

Without AF

With AF

Without AF

With AF

Mean ± SD (Min - Max)

Median (Q1 - Q3)

SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum; Max: maximum; Q1: first quartile; Q3: third quartile; CT: computed tomography; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase.

Age (years)

59.29 ± 17.63 (18 - 93)

77.13 ± 8.79 (60 - 91)

61.00 (50.00- 72.00)

79.00 (60.00 - 85.00)

Hospitalization (days)

7.95 ± 2.92 (3 - 19)

13.48 ± 8.65 (4.0 - 32.0)

7 (6 - 10)

10 (7 - 19)

CT score

7.9 ± 4.05 (1.0 - 21.0)

10.74 ± 4.6 (6.0 - 20.0)

6.50 (5 - 10)

10.00 (6 - 15.00)

Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)

135.4 ± 527.71 (2.63 - 3,166)

149.53 ± 383.58 (2.09 - 1,412)

18.57 (7.36 - 38.67)

26.56 (12.30 - 39.57)

C-reactive protein

39.66 ± 53.23 (0.3 - 221)

26.86 ± 19.82 (1.41 - 61.81)

16.99 (5.37 - 47.50)

29.14 (6.56 - 48.00)

Ferritin

263.27 ± 255.82 (15 - 1,641)

442.82 ± 397.25 (100 - 2,000)

193.90 (89.92 - 379.00)

100 (194.00 - 537.60)

Platelets

205.95 ± 56.87 (126 - 390)

201.09 ± 73.63 (74 - 366)

196.00 (159.00 - 238.00)

200.00 (140.00 - 245.00)

Leukocytes (× 10³)

6.12 ± 2.65 (2.05 - 15.0)

7.49 ± 3.77 (2.52 - 18)

5.48 (4.24 - 7.32)

6.81 (4.93 - 10.56)

Lymphocytes

1.61 ± 0.48 (0.73 - 2.50)

1.68 ± 0.40 (0.92 - 2.40)

1.71 (1.00 - 1.85)

1.71 (1.50 - 1.85)

Fever (°C)

37.54 ± 0.72 (37 - 40)

37.87 ± 0.97 (37 - 40)

37.00 (37.00 - 38.00)

38.00 (37.00 - 39.00)

Saturation

92.15 ± 5.5 (70 - 98)

88.48 ± 6.16 (75 - 98)

94 (90 - 96)

89 (84 - 94)

Neutrophils

3.56 ± 1.31 (1.60 - 7.86)

3.70 ± 1.53 (2.23 - 8.18)

3.0 (2.56 - 4.20)

3.50 (2.63 - 4.60)

LDH

345.04 ± 143.65 (125 - 781)

362.35 ± 132.62 (219 - 832)

316.50 (227.00 - 455.00)

346.00 (279.50 - 400.00)

Creatinine

1.10 ± 0.62 (0.54 - 4.78)

1.02 ± 0.28 (0.5 - 1.78)

0.94 (0.78 - 1.29)

1.00 (0.8 - 1.15)

ALT

54.4 ± 194.44 (2.0 - 1,553.0)

23.16 ± 15.53 (0.5 - 54)

23.85 (17.90 - 40.00)

23.00 (12.60 - 31.10)

AST

50.44 ± 163.01 (1 - 1,309)

26.69 ± 15.33 (0.8 - 59.10)

27.65 (20.30 - 36.90)

25.7 (17.00 - 40.00)

D-dimer

0.72 ± 0.69 (0.12 - 4)

1.63 ± 1.59 (0.18 - 5.16)

0.45 (0.28 - 0.95)

1.00 (0.5 - 2.00)

Troponin

0.05 ± 0.06 (0 - 0.14)

0.06 ± 0.10 (0 - 0.38)

0.001 (0.00 - 0.12)

Procalcitonin

0.13 ± 0.17(0.03 - 1)

0.11 ± 0.05 (0.03 - 0.2)

0.12 (0.03 - 0.12)

0.12 (0.08 - 0.12)