Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 3, June 2025, pages 178-188

Achieving Neuroprotection in the Setting of Early Extubation During Infant Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, and Blinded Study

**Table 1.** Patient Demographics
	No DEX group	DEX group	P-value
Data are listed as mean and standard deviation. ASD: atrial septal defect; AVSD: atrioventricular septal defect; DEX: dexmedetomidine; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot; VSD: ventricular septal defect.
Number	16	14	16
Age (months), mean (SD)	6 ± 2	6 ± 2	0.8
Weight (kg), mean (SD)	7 ± 1	6 ± 1	0.4
Gender (female (F)/male (M))	6/10	4/10
Diagnosis
VSD	5	7
TOF	9	6
AVSD	2	6

Table 1. Patient Demographics

No DEX group

DEX group

P-value

Data are listed as mean and standard deviation. ASD: atrial septal defect; AVSD: atrioventricular septal defect; DEX: dexmedetomidine; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot; VSD: ventricular septal defect.

Number

Age (months), mean (SD)

6 ± 2

0.8

Weight (kg), mean (SD)

7 ± 1

6 ± 1

0.4

Gender (female (F)/male (M))

6/10

4/10

Diagnosis

VSD

TOF

AVSD

**Table 2.** OR Information
	No DEX group	DEX group	P-value
CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; DEX: dexmedetomidine; OR: operating room; PRBCs: packed red blood cells.
Number	16	14
CPB time (min)	94 ± 25	105 ± 86	0.6
Aortic cross clamp time (min)	60 ± 22	58 ± 42	0.9
OR packed RBCs (mL/kg)	42 ±17	46 ± 22	0.5
OR platelets (number) (mL/kg)	(1) 15	(2) 23 ± 12	0.2
OR cryoprecipitate (number) (mL/kg)	(1) 2	(2) 4 ± 1	0.2
OR plasma (number) (mL/kg)	0	0	1.0
OR extubation (number)	15	13	0.9

Table 2. OR Information

No DEX group

DEX group

P-value

CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; DEX: dexmedetomidine; OR: operating room; PRBCs: packed red blood cells.

Number

CPB time (min)

94 ± 25

105 ± 86

0.6

Aortic cross clamp time (min)

60 ± 22

58 ± 42

0.9

OR packed RBCs (mL/kg)

42 ±17

46 ± 22

0.5

OR platelets (number) (mL/kg)

(1) 15

(2) 23 ± 12

0.2

OR cryoprecipitate (number) (mL/kg)

(1) 2

(2) 4 ± 1

0.2

OR plasma (number) (mL/kg)

1.0

OR extubation (number)

0.9

**Table 3.** CTICU Information
	No DEX group	DEX group	P-value
^aComplete heart block. ^bJunctional ectopic tachycardia. BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CTICU: cardiothoracic intensive care unit; DEX: dexmedetomidine; PRBCs: packed red blood cells.
24 h chest tube output (mL/kg)	18 ± 7	18 ± 8	0.8
24 h urine output (mL/kg)	51 ± 20	47 ± 20	0.51
24 h fentanyl dose (µg/kg)	17 ± 12	18 ± 9	0.7
CTICU length of stay (days)	2 ± 2	2 ± 1	0.7
Hospital length of stay (days)	6 ± 2	6 ± 3	0.5
Inotropic score upon arrival to CTICU	3 ± 1	3 ± 0	0.2
Inotropic score 24 h post-procedure	0 ± 1	1 ± 1	0.6
BUN upon arrival to CTICU (mg/dL)	10 ± 4	10 ± 4	0.9
BUN 24 h post-procedure (mg/dL)	15 ± 5	14 ± 4	0.5
Creatinine upon arrival to CTICU (mg/dL)	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.4
Creatinine 24 h post-procedure (mg/dL)	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.5
Platelets upon arrival to CTICU (× 10³/µL)	158 ± 43	187 ± 84	0.2
Fibrinogen upon arrival to CTICU (mg/dL)	138 ± 32	154 ± 49	0.3
Lactate upon arrival to CTICU (mmol/L)	1.7 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.5	0.5
Glucose upon arrival to CTICU (mg/dL)	184 ± 51	181 ± 40	0.8
Reintubation (n)	0	0	1.000
Cardiac arrest (n)	0	0	1.000
Arrhythmia (n)	1^a	1^b	1.000
Seizure (n)	0	0	1.000
CTICU PRBCs (number ) (mL/kg)	1 (7)	3 (12 ± 5)	0.1
CTICU platelets (number ) (mL/kg)	3 (11 ± 2)	0	0.08
CTICU cryoprecipitate (number ) (mL/kg)	3 (5 ± 4)	0	0.1
CTICU plasma (number ) (mL/kg)	3 (12 ± 3)	0	0.1

Table 3. CTICU Information

No DEX group

DEX group

P-value

^aComplete heart block. ^bJunctional ectopic tachycardia. BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CTICU: cardiothoracic intensive care unit; DEX: dexmedetomidine; PRBCs: packed red blood cells.

24 h chest tube output (mL/kg)

18 ± 7

18 ± 8

0.8

24 h urine output (mL/kg)

51 ± 20

47 ± 20

0.51

24 h fentanyl dose (µg/kg)

17 ± 12

18 ± 9

0.7

CTICU length of stay (days)

2 ± 2

2 ± 1

0.7

Hospital length of stay (days)

6 ± 2

6 ± 3

0.5

Inotropic score upon arrival to CTICU

3 ± 1

3 ± 0

0.2

Inotropic score 24 h post-procedure

0 ± 1

1 ± 1

0.6

BUN upon arrival to CTICU (mg/dL)

10 ± 4

0.9

BUN 24 h post-procedure (mg/dL)

15 ± 5

14 ± 4

0.5

Creatinine upon arrival to CTICU (mg/dL)

0.3 ± 0.1

0.4

Creatinine 24 h post-procedure (mg/dL)

0.3 ± 0.1

0.5

Platelets upon arrival to CTICU (× 10³/µL)

158 ± 43

187 ± 84

0.2

Fibrinogen upon arrival to CTICU (mg/dL)

138 ± 32

154 ± 49

0.3

Lactate upon arrival to CTICU (mmol/L)

1.7 ± 0.4

1.6 ± 0.5

0.5

Glucose upon arrival to CTICU (mg/dL)

184 ± 51

181 ± 40

0.8

Reintubation (n)

1.000

Cardiac arrest (n)

1.000

Arrhythmia (n)

1^a

1^b

1.000

Seizure (n)

1.000

CTICU PRBCs (number ) (mL/kg)

1 (7)

3 (12 ± 5)

0.1

CTICU platelets (number ) (mL/kg)

3 (11 ± 2)

0.08

CTICU cryoprecipitate (number ) (mL/kg)

3 (5 ± 4)

0.1

CTICU plasma (number ) (mL/kg)

3 (12 ± 3)

0.1