Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025, pages 331-337

History of COVID-19 as a Risk Factor for Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Case-Control Study

Tables

**Table 1.** General Characteristics According to Diagnosis of Arrhythmia in Cardiac Patients in Arequipa
Characteristics	Cases (n = 68)	Controls (n = 184)	P-value
^aChi-square test.^bStudent’s t-test. *P < 0.05. SD: standard deviation.
Age (years), mean ± SD	62.97 ± 19.13	44.69 ± 15.32	< 0.001^a*
Sex, n (%)			0.329^b
Female	33 (48.53%)	102 (55.43%)
Male	35 (51.47%)	82 (44.57%)
COVID-19 history, n (%)			0.004^b*
No	20 (29.41%)	91 (49.46%)
Yes	48 (70.59%)	93 (50.54%)

**Table 2.** Findings in Cardiac Holter Monitoring According to the History of COVID-19 in Cardiac Patients in Arequipa
Characteristics	COVID-19 history
	No		Yes		P-value
	n	%	n	%	P-value
^aUsing patients with arrhythmia as the denominator. ^bChi-square test. ^cStudent’s t-test.^dMann-Whitney U test. ^eFisher’s exact test. *P < 0.05. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD or median (q1 - q3). SD: standard deviation.
Ventricular events					0.303^b
No	39	35.45	59	41.84
Yes	71	64.55	82	58.16
Supraventricular events					0.496^b
No	11	10.00	18	12.77
Yes	99	90.00	123	87.23
Heart rate variability^a
Average heart rate	75.7 ± 11.0		73.1 ± 12.3		0.076^c
Maximum heart rate	128 (116 - 143)		123 (105 - 140)		0.046^d*
Minimal heart rate	49 (44 - 55)		49 (44 - 55)		0.056^d
Atrial fibrillation^a					0.111^e
No	15	75.00	44	91.67
Yes	5	25.00	4	8.33
Supraventricular tachycardia^a					0.066^b
No	9	45.00	33	68.75
Yes	11	55.00	15	31.25
Inappropriate sinus^a					0.550^e
No	20	100.00	45	93.75
Yes	0	0.00	3	6.25
Sinus tachycardia^a					1.000^e
No	17	85.00	41	85.42
Yes	3	15.00	7	14.58
Sinus rhythm^a					0.487^e
No	2	10.00	9	18.75
Yes	18	90.00	39	81.25
Ventricular tachycardia^a					0.575^e
No	18	90.00	46	95.83
Yes	2	10.00	2	4.17
Flutter					0.294^e
No	19	95.00	48	100.00
Yes	1	5.00	0	0.00

**Table 3.** Association Between a History of COVID-19 and Cardiac Arrhythmias in Cardiac Patients in Arequipa
Exposure	Cardiac arrhythmia
	Crude model^a			Adjusted model^a,b
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
^aBinary logistic regression model. ^bAdjusted for age and sex. CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.
COVID-19 history
No	Ref.	-	-	Ref.	-	-
Yes	2.35	1.29 - 4.26	0.005	2.12	1.10 - 4.11	4.11