Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 3, June 2025, pages 212-224

Changes in the Right Ventricular Diameters and Systolic Function After Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With First Acute Myocardial Infarction

Figure 1. Measurement of the RV conventional parameters and the RV longitudinal strain in the RV-focused apical four-chamber view. (a) RV size. (b) RVS’ wave was measured using tissue Doppler imaging. (c) TAPSE measure in M-mode. (d) The end-systolic RV area and (e) end-diastolic RV area were measured for RV-FAC. (f) Automatic RVFWLS and RV4CSL measured by the QLAB AutoStrain Software. RVD1: right ventricular basal diameter; RVD2: right ventricular mid-cavity diameter; RVD3: right ventricular longitudinal linear dimension; RV-FAC: right ventricular fractional area change; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RVS’: Doppler tissue imaging-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain; RV: RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; EDA: end-diastolic area; ESA: end-systolic area.

Figure 2. The study protocol. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; FAC: fractional area change; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; RV: right ventricular; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain; RVD1: right ventricular basal diameter; RVD2: right ventricular mid diameter; RVD3: right ventricular longitudinal linear dimension; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RVS’: Doppler tissue imaging-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.

**Table 1.** Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Overall Population
	Study group (n = 133)
^aSignificantly less than the normal range according to ASE 2015 (P < 0.05). SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; IQR: interquartile range; ProBNP: pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; LVDd: left ventricular diameter in diastole; LVDs: left ventricular diameter in systole; LVEF biplane: left ventricular ejection fraction biplane; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; LM: left main artery; RCA: right coronary artery; MACEs: major adverse cardiac events; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; ACEs: angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors.
Clinical characteristics
Mean age (years), mean ± SD (Min - Max)	68.03 ± 11.81 (36 - 93)
Male (n, %)	93 (69.92%)
BMI (kg/m²)	22.26 ± 2.77
Hypertension (n, %)	81 (60.9%)
Diabetes mellitus (n, %)	38 (28.57%)
Chronic renal disease (n, %)	7 (5.3%)
Time of admission (h), median (IQR)	5 (2.75 - 14)
Door to balloon time (h), median (IQR)	4 (2 - 7.5)
Heart rate (bpm), median (IQR)	80 (70 - 89)
Hospital duration (days)	8.89 ± 4.29
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean ± SD	131.61 ± 21.38
Troponin I (pg/mL), median (IQR)	1,253.40 (189.05 - 4,152.20)
ProBNP (pg/mL), median (IQR)	625.10 (97.87 - 5,659.70)
STEMI (n, %)	107 (80.50)
NSTEMI (n, %)	26 (19.50)
Killips classification (n, %)
Killips I	75 (56.39)
Killips II	46 (34.58)
Killips III, IV	12 (9.03)
Left ventricular echocardiographic parameters
LVDd (mm) (mean ± SD)	45.32 ± 6.20
LVDs (mm), median (IQR)	30.00 (26.92 - 34.15)
LVEF biplane (%) (mean ± SD)	47.31 ± 9.41^a
LVGLS (%) (mean ± SD)	-10.26 ± 3.37^a
LAVI (mL/m²), median (IQR)	21.12 (15.47 - 28.47)
Regional wall movement abnormality (n, %)	120 (90.22)
Characteristics of coronary arterial lesions
Culprit coronary artery (n, %)
LAD	65 (48.87)
LCx	18 (13.53)
RCA	47 (35.33)
LM	3 (2.27)
Severity of culprit coronary arterial stenosis (n, %)
100%	71 (53.38)
99%	21 (15.78)
Less than 99%	41 (30.84)
Numbers of coronary arterial lesions (n, %)
1	56 (42.10)
2	36 (27.06)
≥ 3	41 (30.84)
Drugs (n, %)
Aspirin	133 (100)
Clopidogrel	87 (65.41)
Ticagrelor	46 (34.58)
Statin	133 (100)
ACEs	63 (47.36)
Beta blockers	28 (21.05)
Anticoagulation (unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin)	133 (100)
MACEs (n, %)	7 (5.26)
Death	2 (1.50) (1 at hospital duration and 1 during follow-up)
Hospitalization due to heart failure	4 (3.00)
Recurrent AMI	1 (0.75)

Table 1. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Overall Population

Study group (n = 133)

^aSignificantly less than the normal range according to ASE 2015 (P < 0.05). SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; IQR: interquartile range; ProBNP: pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; LVDd: left ventricular diameter in diastole; LVDs: left ventricular diameter in systole; LVEF biplane: left ventricular ejection fraction biplane; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; LM: left main artery; RCA: right coronary artery; MACEs: major adverse cardiac events; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; ACEs: angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors.

Clinical characteristics

Mean age (years), mean ± SD (Min - Max)

68.03 ± 11.81 (36 - 93)

Male (n, %)

93 (69.92%)

BMI (kg/m²)

22.26 ± 2.77

Hypertension (n, %)

81 (60.9%)

Diabetes mellitus (n, %)

38 (28.57%)

Chronic renal disease (n, %)

7 (5.3%)

Time of admission (h), median (IQR)

5 (2.75 - 14)

Door to balloon time (h), median (IQR)

4 (2 - 7.5)

Heart rate (bpm), median (IQR)

80 (70 - 89)

Hospital duration (days)

8.89 ± 4.29

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean ± SD

131.61 ± 21.38

Troponin I (pg/mL), median (IQR)

1,253.40 (189.05 - 4,152.20)

ProBNP (pg/mL), median (IQR)

625.10 (97.87 - 5,659.70)

STEMI (n, %)

107 (80.50)

NSTEMI (n, %)

26 (19.50)

Killips classification (n, %)

Killips I

75 (56.39)

Killips II

46 (34.58)

Killips III, IV

12 (9.03)

Left ventricular echocardiographic parameters

LVDd (mm) (mean ± SD)

45.32 ± 6.20

LVDs (mm), median (IQR)

30.00 (26.92 - 34.15)

LVEF biplane (%) (mean ± SD)

47.31 ± 9.41^a

LVGLS (%) (mean ± SD)

-10.26 ± 3.37^a

LAVI (mL/m²), median (IQR)

21.12 (15.47 - 28.47)

Regional wall movement abnormality (n, %)

120 (90.22)

Characteristics of coronary arterial lesions

Culprit coronary artery (n, %)

LAD

65 (48.87)

LCx

18 (13.53)

RCA

47 (35.33)

3 (2.27)

Severity of culprit coronary arterial stenosis (n, %)

100%

71 (53.38)

99%

21 (15.78)

Less than 99%

41 (30.84)

Numbers of coronary arterial lesions (n, %)

56 (42.10)

36 (27.06)

≥ 3

41 (30.84)

Drugs (n, %)

Aspirin

133 (100)

Clopidogrel

87 (65.41)

Ticagrelor

46 (34.58)

Statin

133 (100)

ACEs

63 (47.36)

Beta blockers

28 (21.05)

Anticoagulation (unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin)

133 (100)

MACEs (n, %)

7 (5.26)

Death

2 (1.50) (1 at hospital duration and 1 during follow-up)

Hospitalization due to heart failure

4 (3.00)

Recurrent AMI

1 (0.75)

**Table 2.** Baseline Echocardiographic Characteristics of Right Ventricular Diameters and Systolic Function in the Study Group
Echo data	Study group (n = 133)	Normal range (mean)	P^a	Numbers of abnormal (n, %)
^aP one-tail when comparing the mean/median value of study variables with the threshold value of reference range according to ASE guidelines 2015. ^bSignificant differences from the reference interval threshold value. RVD1: right ventricular basal diameter; RVD2: right ventricular mid-cavity diameter; RVD3: right ventricular longitudinal linear dimension; RVWT: right ventricular wall thickness; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; FAC: fractional area change; RVS’: Doppler tissue imaging-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain; ASE: American Society of Echocardiography.
RVD1 (mm)	27.96 ± 5.58	25 - 41 (33)	1	3 (2.25)
RVD2 (mm)	21.58 ± 4.70	19 - 35 (27)	1	16 (12.03)
RVD3 (mm)	57.76 ± 11,59	59 - 83 (71)	1	0 (0)
RVWT (mm)	5.6 (5.3 - 6.7)^b	1 - 5 (3)^b	0.01^b	70 (52.63%)^b
TAPSE (mm)	20 (18.4 - 23)	≥ 17	1	15 (11.27)
FAC (%)	45.29 ± 10.19	≥ 35	0.68	20 (15.03)
RVS’ (cm/s)	12.4 (10.6 - 13.8)	≥ 9.5	0.91	7 (5.26)
RVFWSL (%)	-18.28 ± 8.77^b	≤ -20^b	< 0.001^b	83 (62.40)^b
RV4CSL (%)	-14.78 ± 6.94^b	≤ -20^b	< 0.001^b	111 (83.45)^b

Table 2. Baseline Echocardiographic Characteristics of Right Ventricular Diameters and Systolic Function in the Study Group

Echo data

Study group (n = 133)

Normal range (mean)

P^a

Numbers of abnormal (n, %)

^aP one-tail when comparing the mean/median value of study variables with the threshold value of reference range according to ASE guidelines 2015. ^bSignificant differences from the reference interval threshold value. RVD1: right ventricular basal diameter; RVD2: right ventricular mid-cavity diameter; RVD3: right ventricular longitudinal linear dimension; RVWT: right ventricular wall thickness; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; FAC: fractional area change; RVS’: Doppler tissue imaging-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain; ASE: American Society of Echocardiography.

RVD1 (mm)

27.96 ± 5.58

25 - 41 (33)

3 (2.25)

RVD2 (mm)

21.58 ± 4.70

19 - 35 (27)

16 (12.03)

RVD3 (mm)

57.76 ± 11,59

59 - 83 (71)

0 (0)

RVWT (mm)

5.6 (5.3 - 6.7)^b

1 - 5 (3)^b

0.01^b

70 (52.63%)^b

TAPSE (mm)

20 (18.4 - 23)

≥ 17

15 (11.27)

FAC (%)

45.29 ± 10.19

≥ 35

0.68

20 (15.03)

RVS’ (cm/s)

12.4 (10.6 - 13.8)

≥ 9.5

0.91

7 (5.26)

RVFWSL (%)

-18.28 ± 8.77^b

≤ -20^b

< 0.001^b

83 (62.40)^b

RV4CSL (%)

-14.78 ± 6.94^b

≤ -20^b

< 0.001^b

111 (83.45)^b

**Table 3.** Echocardiographic Evaluation of Right Ventricular Diameters and Systolic Functions in Clinical Subgroups of Study Group at Baseline
Subgroups (n = 133)	RVD1 (mm)	RVD2 (mm)	TAPSE (mm)	FAC (%)	RVFWSL (%)	RV4CSL (%)
^aSignificant differences. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; LM: left main artery; RCA: right coronary artery; MACE: major adverse cardiac event; RVD1: right ventricular basal diameter; RVD2: right ventricular mid-cavity diameter; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; FAC: fractional area change; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain.
Types of myocardial infarction (n = 133)
STEMI (n = 107)	28.2 ± 5.4	21.6 ± 4.5	20.2 (10.6 - 13.9)	45.2 ± 10.1	-17.5 ± 8.4^a	-14.3 ± 6.7^a
NSTEMI (n = 26)	27.2 ± 4.8	20.6 ± 4.5	20.0 (19.1 - 24.8)	46.2 ± 10.5	-22.2 ± 9.7^a	-17.1 ± 8.9^a
P	0.78	0.23	0.19	0.66	0.04^a	0.04^a
Culprit coronary artery lesion (n = 133)
LAD (n = 65)	27.4 ± 5.1^a	20.1 ± 4.1^a	20.2 (18.0 - 23.6)	46.7 ± 9.6^a	-17.5 ± 9.7	-12.9 ± 7.3
LCx (n = 18)	26.6 ± 5.2^a	22.4 ± 5.6^a	19.1 (18.0 - 21.1)	42.4 ± 8.0^a	-22.3 ± 7.0	-17.3 ± 5.9
RCA (n = 47)	29.8 ± 5.4^a	22.7 ± 4.2^a	20.0 (18.4 - 21.0)	42.1 ± 11.8^a	-18.3 ± 7.1	-15.6 ± 6.0
LM (n = 3)	31.5 ± 6.2^a	24.2 ± 4.8^a	22.4 (18.5 - 28.1)	49.9 ± 11.1^a	-15.4 ± 2.8	-11.7 ± 3.0
P	0.02^a	0.02^a	0.42	0.03^a	0.56	0.63
Killip classification (n = 133)
Killip I (n = 75)	28.9 ± 6.0	21.0 ± 4.2	20.4 (18.1 - 22.9)^a	45.4 ± 9.9^a	-18.4 (-24.4; -13.0)^a	-14.5 (-17.7; -10.4)^a
Killip II (n = 46)	27.06 ± 6.2	21.1 ± 5.2	20.0 (18.5 - 23.8)^a	47.1 ± 9.7^a	-18.3 (-23.2; -11.8)^a	-14.4 (-19.0; -8.9)^a
Killip III, IV (n = 12)	29.9 ± 5.8	23.1 ± 5.4	17.3 (11.5 - 19.9)^a	36.7 ± 12.0^a	-5.0 (-8.5; -2.5)^a	-8.8 (-14.0; -4.1)^a
P	0.66	0.06	0.03^a	< 0.001^a	0.03^a	0.04^a
MACE (n = 133)
MACE (+) (n = 7)	31.2 ± 3.8	24.1 ± 4.8	21.0 (18.4 - 22.8)	46.1 ± 15.3	-17.3 ± 10.9	-13.1 ± 9.9
MACE (-) (n = 126)	28.1 ± 8.1	21.1 ± 4.7	20.0 (17.7 - 23.0)	45.1 ± 10.0	-17.7 ± 8.1	-14.2 ± 6.5
P	0.11	0.06	0.75	0.81	0.91	0.81

Table 3. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Right Ventricular Diameters and Systolic Functions in Clinical Subgroups of Study Group at Baseline

Subgroups (n = 133)

RVD1 (mm)

RVD2 (mm)

TAPSE (mm)

FAC (%)

RVFWSL (%)

RV4CSL (%)

^aSignificant differences. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; LM: left main artery; RCA: right coronary artery; MACE: major adverse cardiac event; RVD1: right ventricular basal diameter; RVD2: right ventricular mid-cavity diameter; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; FAC: fractional area change; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain.

Types of myocardial infarction (n = 133)

STEMI (n = 107)

28.2 ± 5.4

21.6 ± 4.5

20.2 (10.6 - 13.9)

45.2 ± 10.1

-17.5 ± 8.4^a

-14.3 ± 6.7^a

NSTEMI (n = 26)

27.2 ± 4.8

20.6 ± 4.5

20.0 (19.1 - 24.8)

46.2 ± 10.5

-22.2 ± 9.7^a

-17.1 ± 8.9^a

0.78

0.23

0.19

0.66

0.04^a

Culprit coronary artery lesion (n = 133)

LAD (n = 65)

27.4 ± 5.1^a

20.1 ± 4.1^a

20.2 (18.0 - 23.6)

46.7 ± 9.6^a

-17.5 ± 9.7

-12.9 ± 7.3

LCx (n = 18)

26.6 ± 5.2^a

22.4 ± 5.6^a

19.1 (18.0 - 21.1)

42.4 ± 8.0^a

-22.3 ± 7.0

-17.3 ± 5.9

RCA (n = 47)

29.8 ± 5.4^a

22.7 ± 4.2^a

20.0 (18.4 - 21.0)

42.1 ± 11.8^a

-18.3 ± 7.1

-15.6 ± 6.0

LM (n = 3)

31.5 ± 6.2^a

24.2 ± 4.8^a

22.4 (18.5 - 28.1)

49.9 ± 11.1^a

-15.4 ± 2.8

-11.7 ± 3.0

0.02^a

0.42

0.03^a

0.56

0.63

Killip classification (n = 133)

Killip I (n = 75)

28.9 ± 6.0

21.0 ± 4.2

20.4 (18.1 - 22.9)^a

45.4 ± 9.9^a

-18.4 (-24.4; -13.0)^a

-14.5 (-17.7; -10.4)^a

Killip II (n = 46)

27.06 ± 6.2

21.1 ± 5.2

20.0 (18.5 - 23.8)^a

47.1 ± 9.7^a

-18.3 (-23.2; -11.8)^a

-14.4 (-19.0; -8.9)^a

Killip III, IV (n = 12)

29.9 ± 5.8

23.1 ± 5.4

17.3 (11.5 - 19.9)^a

36.7 ± 12.0^a

-5.0 (-8.5; -2.5)^a

-8.8 (-14.0; -4.1)^a

0.66

0.06

0.03^a

< 0.001^a

0.03^a

0.04^a

MACE (n = 133)

MACE (+) (n = 7)

31.2 ± 3.8

24.1 ± 4.8

21.0 (18.4 - 22.8)

46.1 ± 15.3

-17.3 ± 10.9

-13.1 ± 9.9

MACE (-) (n = 126)

28.1 ± 8.1

21.1 ± 4.7

20.0 (17.7 - 23.0)

45.1 ± 10.0

-17.7 ± 8.1

-14.2 ± 6.5

0.11

0.06

0.75

0.81

0.91

0.81

**Table 4.** Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain at Baseline (N = 133)
Parameters	RVFWSL (R² = 0.39) (P < 0.001)	RV4CSL (R² = 0.32) (P = 0.01)
^a1: LAD; 2: LCx; 3: RCA; 4: others. ^b1: Killip I; 2: Killip II; 3: Killip III, IV. ^c1: 100%; 2: 99%; 3: less than 99%. ^dSignificant differences. BMI: body mass index; NT-pro-BNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; EF: ejection fraction; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; MACE: major adverse cardiac event; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery.
Age (years)	0.18	0.05	0.10	0.29
Male	-0.14	0.12	-0.13	0.18
STEMI	0.13	0.14	0.07	0.42
BMI (kg/m²)	0.27^d	< 0.001^d	0.24^d	0.01^d
Troponin I (pg/mL)	-0.28^d	< 0.001^d	-0.22^d	0.01^d
NT-pro-BNP (pg/mL)	0.02	0.79	0.00	0.94
EF biplane (%)	-0.23^d	0.02^d	-0.31^d	< 0.001^d
LVGLS (%)	0.24^d	0.01^d	0.18	0.08
MACE (+)	-0.19^d	0.04^d	-0.14	0.16
Culprit coronary artery lesion^a	0.08	0.37	0.03	0.70
Number of coronary artery lesions	-0.02	0.81	-0.03	0.71
Killips classification^b	0.15	0.06	0.07	0.42
The severity of the culprit coronary artery lesion^c	0.05	0.62	0.04	0.64

Table 4. Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain at Baseline (N = 133)

Parameters

RVFWSL (R² = 0.39) (P < 0.001)

RV4CSL (R² = 0.32) (P = 0.01)

P value

^a1: LAD; 2: LCx; 3: RCA; 4: others. ^b1: Killip I; 2: Killip II; 3: Killip III, IV. ^c1: 100%; 2: 99%; 3: less than 99%. ^dSignificant differences. BMI: body mass index; NT-pro-BNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; EF: ejection fraction; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; MACE: major adverse cardiac event; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery.

Age (years)

0.18

0.05

0.10

0.29

Male

-0.14

0.12

-0.13

0.18

STEMI

0.13

0.14

0.07

0.42

BMI (kg/m²)

0.27^d

< 0.001^d

0.24^d

0.01^d

Troponin I (pg/mL)

-0.28^d

< 0.001^d

-0.22^d

0.01^d

NT-pro-BNP (pg/mL)

0.02

0.79

0.00

0.94

EF biplane (%)

-0.23^d

0.02^d

-0.31^d

< 0.001^d

LVGLS (%)

0.24^d

0.01^d

0.18

0.08

MACE (+)

-0.19^d

0.04^d

-0.14

0.16

Culprit coronary artery lesion^a

0.08

0.37

0.03

0.70

Number of coronary artery lesions

-0.02

0.81

-0.03

0.71

Killips classification^b

0.15

0.06

0.07

0.42

The severity of the culprit coronary artery lesion^c

0.05

0.62

0.04

0.64

**Table 5.** Comparison of Right Ventricular Diameters and Systolic Function Parameters at Baseline and 1-Month After Discharge
Echo data (n = 75)	Baseline	1-month	P
^aSignificant differences. LVEF biplane: left ventricular ejection fraction biplane; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; RVD1: right ventricular basal diameter; RVD2: right ventricular mid-cavity diameter; RVD3: right ventricular longitudinal linear dimension; RVWT: right ventricular wall thickness; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; FAC: fractional area change; RVS’: Doppler tissue imaging-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain.
LVEF biplane (%)	47.3 ± 8.5	48.0 ± 10.0	0.55
LVGLS (%)	-10.1 (-11.5; -8.2)	-10.0 (-12.6; -7.9)	0.57
RVD1 (mm)	27.0 (25.0 - 31.3)	29.6 (25.3 - 30.7)	0.97
RVD2 (mm)	20.6 (17.8 - 24.4)	19.8 (16.5 - 22.0)	0.05
RVD3 (mm)	61.9 ± 9.4^a	63.8 ± 8.9^a	< 0.001^a
TAPSE (mm)	20.7 (18.4 - 22.9)	20.0(18.8 - 23.0)	0.78
FAC (%)	44.5 ± 10.3	45.4 ± 10.4	0.80
RVS’ (cm/s)	12.4 (10.7 - 13.6)	12.0 (10.6 - 13.0)	0.10
RVFWSL (%)	-15.7 ± 7.2^a	-17.8 ± 6.9^a	0.04^a
RV4CSL (%)	-12.6 ± 5.6^a	-14.3 ± 5.2^a	< 0.001^a

Table 5. Comparison of Right Ventricular Diameters and Systolic Function Parameters at Baseline and 1-Month After Discharge

Echo data (n = 75)

Baseline

1-month

^aSignificant differences. LVEF biplane: left ventricular ejection fraction biplane; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; RVD1: right ventricular basal diameter; RVD2: right ventricular mid-cavity diameter; RVD3: right ventricular longitudinal linear dimension; RVWT: right ventricular wall thickness; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; FAC: fractional area change; RVS’: Doppler tissue imaging-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain.

LVEF biplane (%)

47.3 ± 8.5

48.0 ± 10.0

0.55

LVGLS (%)

-10.1 (-11.5; -8.2)

-10.0 (-12.6; -7.9)

0.57

RVD1 (mm)

27.0 (25.0 - 31.3)

29.6 (25.3 - 30.7)

0.97

RVD2 (mm)

20.6 (17.8 - 24.4)

19.8 (16.5 - 22.0)

0.05

RVD3 (mm)

61.9 ± 9.4^a

63.8 ± 8.9^a

< 0.001^a

TAPSE (mm)

20.7 (18.4 - 22.9)

20.0(18.8 - 23.0)

0.78

FAC (%)

44.5 ± 10.3

45.4 ± 10.4

0.80

RVS’ (cm/s)

12.4 (10.7 - 13.6)

12.0 (10.6 - 13.0)

0.10

RVFWSL (%)

-15.7 ± 7.2^a

-17.8 ± 6.9^a

0.04^a

RV4CSL (%)

-12.6 ± 5.6^a

-14.3 ± 5.2^a

< 0.001^a

**Table 6.** Changes of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain at Baseline and 1-Month After Discharge in Clinical Subgroups
Subgroup (total n = 75)	Parameter	Baseline	1-month	P value
^aSignificant differences. MACE: major adverse cardiac event; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain.
MACE
MACE (+) (n = 6)	RVFWSL (%)	-17.1 ± 0.2	-10.3 ± 6.7	0.38
	RV4CSL (%)	-13.5 ± 0.7	-7.1 ± 6.5	0.36
MACE (-) (n = 69)	RVFWSL (%)	-15.7 ± 7.3^a	-18.0 ± 6.9^a	0.01^a
	RV4CSL (%)	-12.6 ± 5.6^a	-16.5 ± 5.5^a	0.02^a
Killips classification
Killips I (n = 42)	RVFWSL (%)	-16.4 ± 5.3	-18.0 ± 6.2	0.19
	RV4CSL (%)	-13.2 ± 5.0	-14.6 ± 5.4	0.14
Killips II (n = 27)	RVFWSL (%)	-16.4 ± 7.9	-18.0 ± 8.1	0.42
	RV4CSL (%)	-12.9 ± 6.1	-14.3 ± 5.9	0.36
Killips III, IV (n = 6)	RVFWSL (%)	-7.5 ± 5.2^a	-15.4 ± 6.5^a	0.03^a
	RV4CSL (%)	-7.0 (-11.2; -3.1)^a	-11.4 (-15.1; -9.3)^a	0.02^a
Number of coronary artery lesions
1 vessel disease (n = 31)	RVFWSL (%)	-14.6 ± 6.9^a	-18.1 ± 5.3^a	< 0.001^a
	RV4CSL (%)	-11.9 ± 5.5^a	-15.0 ± 4.2^a	< 0.001^a
2 vessel disease (n = 16)	RVFWSL (%)	-17.0 ± 7.3	-17.2 ± 7.7	0.94
	RV4CSL (%)	-13.7 ± 5.5	-12.9 ± 5.8	0.91
3 vessel disease (n = 28)	RVFWSL (%)	-16.2 ± 7.4	-17.8 ± 8.2	0.39
	RV4CSL (%)	-12.7 ± 5.8	-13.8 ± 6.8	0.37

Table 6. Changes of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain at Baseline and 1-Month After Discharge in Clinical Subgroups

Subgroup (total n = 75)

Parameter

Baseline

1-month

P value

^aSignificant differences. MACE: major adverse cardiac event; RVFWSL: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RV4CSL: right ventricular four-chamber longitudinal strain.

MACE

MACE (+) (n = 6)

RVFWSL (%)

-17.1 ± 0.2

-10.3 ± 6.7

0.38

RV4CSL (%)

-13.5 ± 0.7

-7.1 ± 6.5

0.36

MACE (-) (n = 69)

RVFWSL (%)

-15.7 ± 7.3^a

-18.0 ± 6.9^a

0.01^a

RV4CSL (%)

-12.6 ± 5.6^a

-16.5 ± 5.5^a

0.02^a

Killips classification

Killips I (n = 42)

RVFWSL (%)

-16.4 ± 5.3

-18.0 ± 6.2

0.19

RV4CSL (%)

-13.2 ± 5.0

-14.6 ± 5.4

0.14

Killips II (n = 27)

RVFWSL (%)

-16.4 ± 7.9

-18.0 ± 8.1

0.42

RV4CSL (%)

-12.9 ± 6.1

-14.3 ± 5.9

0.36

Killips III, IV (n = 6)

RVFWSL (%)

-7.5 ± 5.2^a

-15.4 ± 6.5^a

0.03^a

RV4CSL (%)

-7.0 (-11.2; -3.1)^a

-11.4 (-15.1; -9.3)^a

0.02^a

Number of coronary artery lesions

1 vessel disease (n = 31)

RVFWSL (%)

-14.6 ± 6.9^a

-18.1 ± 5.3^a

< 0.001^a

RV4CSL (%)

-11.9 ± 5.5^a

-15.0 ± 4.2^a

< 0.001^a

2 vessel disease (n = 16)

RVFWSL (%)

-17.0 ± 7.3

-17.2 ± 7.7

0.94

RV4CSL (%)

-13.7 ± 5.5

-12.9 ± 5.8

0.91

3 vessel disease (n = 28)

RVFWSL (%)

-16.2 ± 7.4

-17.8 ± 8.2

0.39

RV4CSL (%)

-12.7 ± 5.8

-13.8 ± 6.8

0.37