Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 3, June 2025, pages 197-201

Heart Conditioning as a Healthy Strategy in Management of Cardiac Enlargement

↓ **Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of Patients in the Control and RIC Groups
	Control (n = 22)	RIC (n = 22)	P value
Data are presented as number or mean (SEM). Student’s t-test or Chi-square test was used, as appropriate. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; LA: left atrial dimension; LVDd: left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSd: left ventricular end systolic dimension; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning.
Age, years	67.46 ± 2.52	67.68 ± 2.57	0.95
Male/female	12/10	10/12	0.55
BMI (kg/m²)	25.36 ± 0.74	25.68 ± 0.8	0.78
Heart rate (bpm)	73.55 ± 1.83	71.68 ± 1.99	0.26
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	133.41 ± 2.68	134 ± 2.86	0.89
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	81 ± 1.79	79.41 ± 1.97	0.48
Echocardiography
LA (mm)	47.17 ± 1.4	50.27 ± 1.59	0.14
LVDd (mm)	53.16 ± 2.24	49.3 ± 1.67	0.11
LVSd (mm)	39.36 ± 2.81	35.46 ± 1.92	0.13
LVEF (%)	45.19 ± 3.67	46.24 ± 3.25	0.64
Past medical illness
Hypertension	22	22	1
Coronary artery disease	22	22	1
Heart failure	13	14	0.9
Diabetes mellitus	8	7	0.84
Cardiac medications
Beta-blockers	22	22	1
ACE inhibitors or ARBs	22	22	1
Diuretics	10	12	0.55
Digoxin	5	5	1
Antiplatelets	22	22	1
Nitrates	22	22	1

↓ Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients in the Control and RIC Groups

Control (n = 22)

RIC (n = 22)

P value

Data are presented as number or mean (SEM). Student’s t-test or Chi-square test was used, as appropriate. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; LA: left atrial dimension; LVDd: left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSd: left ventricular end systolic dimension; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning.

Age, years

67.46 ± 2.52

67.68 ± 2.57

0.95

Male/female

12/10

10/12

0.55

BMI (kg/m²)

25.36 ± 0.74

25.68 ± 0.8

0.78

Heart rate (bpm)

73.55 ± 1.83

71.68 ± 1.99

0.26

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

133.41 ± 2.68

134 ± 2.86

0.89

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

81 ± 1.79

79.41 ± 1.97

0.48

Echocardiography

LA (mm)

47.17 ± 1.4

50.27 ± 1.59

0.14

LVDd (mm)

53.16 ± 2.24

49.3 ± 1.67

0.11

LVSd (mm)

39.36 ± 2.81

35.46 ± 1.92

0.13

LVEF (%)

45.19 ± 3.67

46.24 ± 3.25

0.64

Past medical illness

Hypertension

Coronary artery disease

Heart failure

0.9

Diabetes mellitus

0.84

Cardiac medications

Beta-blockers

ACE inhibitors or ARBs

Diuretics

0.55

Digoxin

Antiplatelets

Nitrates

↓ **Table 2.** Changes in Heart Dimension of Patients at Baseline and at Final Evaluation in the Control and RIC Groups
	Control (n = 22)	RIC (n = 22)	P value*
Data are presented as number or mean (SEM). *Compared the differences from basal to final evaluation of RIC group with those of control group. Student’s t-test was used, as appropriate. IVS: interventricular septum; LA: left atrial dimension; LVDd: left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSd: left ventricular end systolic dimension; PW: posterior wall; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning.
LA (mm)	47.17 ± 1.4	47.86 ± 1.55	0.61	50.27 ± 1.59	41.64 ± 1.11	0.0001	0.002
LVDd (mm)	53.16 ± 2.24	55.2 ± 2.53	0.17	49.3 ± 1.67	46.41 ± 1.38	0.05	0.01
LVSd (mm)	39.36 ± 2.81	41.6 ± 3.45	0.07	35.46 ± 1.92	31.18 ± 1.53	0.004	0.02
IVS (mm)	11.67 ± 0.43	10.92 ± 0.42	0.73	10.87 ± 0.38	11.26 ± 0.32	0.32	0.47
PW (mm)	10.45 ± 0.37	9.89 ± 0.31	0.18	10 ± 0.32	10.46 ± 0.23	0.12	0.13
LVEF (%)	45.19 ± 3.67	41.53 ± 4	0.01	46.24 ± 3.25	56.45 ± 2.59	< 0.0001	0.0002

↓ Table 2. Changes in Heart Dimension of Patients at Baseline and at Final Evaluation in the Control and RIC Groups

Control (n = 22)

RIC (n = 22)

P value*

Baseline

Final

P value

Baseline

Final

P value

Data are presented as number or mean (SEM). *Compared the differences from basal to final evaluation of RIC group with those of control group. Student’s t-test was used, as appropriate. IVS: interventricular septum; LA: left atrial dimension; LVDd: left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSd: left ventricular end systolic dimension; PW: posterior wall; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning.

LA (mm)

47.17 ± 1.4

47.86 ± 1.55

0.61

50.27 ± 1.59

41.64 ± 1.11

0.0001

0.002

LVDd (mm)

53.16 ± 2.24

55.2 ± 2.53

0.17

49.3 ± 1.67

46.41 ± 1.38

0.05

0.01

LVSd (mm)

39.36 ± 2.81

41.6 ± 3.45

0.07

35.46 ± 1.92

31.18 ± 1.53

0.004

0.02

IVS (mm)

11.67 ± 0.43

10.92 ± 0.42

0.73

10.87 ± 0.38

11.26 ± 0.32

0.32

0.47

PW (mm)

10.45 ± 0.37

9.89 ± 0.31

0.18

10 ± 0.32

10.46 ± 0.23

0.12

0.13

LVEF (%)

45.19 ± 3.67

41.53 ± 4

0.01

46.24 ± 3.25

56.45 ± 2.59

< 0.0001

0.0002