Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 4, August 2025, pages 373-379

Impact of Post-Procedural Atrial Arrhythmia on Long-Term Cardiac Function and Quality of Life Following Patent Foramen Ovale Closure

Figure 2. Comparison of SF-36 quality of life sub-domain scores between post-intervention and long-term follow-up periods in patients undergoing PFO closure. Radar chart displays eight sub-domains of the SF-36 questionnaire: overall health, physical health, physical function, emotional function, social function, physical pain, energy, and mental health. The purple line represents scores at long-term follow-up, while the navy line represents scores at the post-interventional period. Social function improved significantly at long-term follow-up (P < 0.05), highlighted by an asterisk. The inner and outer octagonal frames correspond to 60% and 90% of the maximum score range, respectively, providing a visual reference for relative domain performance. Source data are provided here (Supplementary Material 1, cr.elmerpub.com).

**Table 1.** Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants (N = 215)
Variables	Results
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (percentage), as appropriate. BMI: body mass index; ASA: atrial septal aneurysm; AA: atrial arrhythmia; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
Age (years)	59 ± 12.3
Male gender, n (%)	110 (51.2%)
BMI, kg/m²	25 ± 3.6
Smoking, n (%)	95 (44.2%)
Alcohol, n (%)	138 (64.2%)
Hypertension, n (%)	97 (45.1%)
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	73 (34.0%)
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	24 (11.2%)
Stroke, n (%)	160 (74.4%)
Sinus rhythm preoperative, n (%)	215 (100.0%)
AA after PFO closure, n (%)	56 (26.0%)
Atrial fibrillation, n (%)	47 (21.9%)
Atrial flutter, n (%)	6 (2.8%)
Atrial premature beats, n (%)	52 (24.2%)
Atrial tachycardia, n (%)	38 (17.7%)
NYHA functional class	2 ± 0.6
Spontaneous shunt, n (%)	32 (14.9%)
ASA, n (%)	11 (5.1%)
Follow-up, months	24 ± 7.8

Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants (N = 215)

Variables

Results

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (percentage), as appropriate. BMI: body mass index; ASA: atrial septal aneurysm; AA: atrial arrhythmia; NYHA, New York Heart Association.

Age (years)

59 ± 12.3

Male gender, n (%)

110 (51.2%)

BMI, kg/m²

25 ± 3.6

Smoking, n (%)

95 (44.2%)

Alcohol, n (%)

138 (64.2%)

Hypertension, n (%)

97 (45.1%)

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

73 (34.0%)

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

24 (11.2%)

Stroke, n (%)

160 (74.4%)

Sinus rhythm preoperative, n (%)

215 (100.0%)

AA after PFO closure, n (%)

56 (26.0%)

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

47 (21.9%)

Atrial flutter, n (%)

6 (2.8%)

Atrial premature beats, n (%)

52 (24.2%)

Atrial tachycardia, n (%)

38 (17.7%)

NYHA functional class

2 ± 0.6

Spontaneous shunt, n (%)

32 (14.9%)

ASA, n (%)

11 (5.1%)

Follow-up, months

24 ± 7.8

**Table 2.** Echocardiographic Parameters Following PFO Closure in Patients With Atrial Arrhythmia (N = 56)
	Post-intervention	Long-term follow-up	P value
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). *P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. PFO: patent foramen ovale; LA: left atrial anteroposterior diameter; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; IVS: interventricular septal thickness; LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PAPs: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; ASA: atrial septal aneurysm.
LA (mm)	39.75 ± 4.48	39.05 ± 3.90	0.382
LVEDV (mL/m²)	53.25 ± 5.05	52.71 ± 4.45	0.553
LVESV (mL/m²)	21.16 ± 3.12	21.55 ± 2.54	0.466
IVS (mm)	7.68 ± 0.96	7.73 ± 0.88	0.759
LVPW (mm)	7.82 ± 0.96	7.88 ± 0.92	0.763
LVEF (%)	60.61 ± 4.37	61.05 ± 4.03	0.576
Mitral (E/A)	1.20 ± 0.24	1.29 ± 0.18	0.025*
PAPs (mm Hg)	21.41 ± 1.91	21.84 ± 1.87	0.232
ASA, n (%)	3 (5.3%)	2 (3.6%)	0.647

Table 2. Echocardiographic Parameters Following PFO Closure in Patients With Atrial Arrhythmia (N = 56)

Post-intervention

Long-term follow-up

P value

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). *P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. PFO: patent foramen ovale; LA: left atrial anteroposterior diameter; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; IVS: interventricular septal thickness; LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PAPs: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; ASA: atrial septal aneurysm.

LA (mm)

39.75 ± 4.48

39.05 ± 3.90

0.382

LVEDV (mL/m²)

53.25 ± 5.05

52.71 ± 4.45

0.553

LVESV (mL/m²)

21.16 ± 3.12

21.55 ± 2.54

0.466

IVS (mm)

7.68 ± 0.96

7.73 ± 0.88

0.759

LVPW (mm)

7.82 ± 0.96

7.88 ± 0.92

0.763

LVEF (%)

60.61 ± 4.37

61.05 ± 4.03

0.576

Mitral (E/A)

1.20 ± 0.24

1.29 ± 0.18

0.025*

PAPs (mm Hg)

21.41 ± 1.91

21.84 ± 1.87

0.232

ASA, n (%)

3 (5.3%)

2 (3.6%)

0.647