Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 6, December 2025, pages 479-488

Epidemiological Trends of Heart Failure Subtypes, Characteristics, and Outcomes Within Inpatient Hospitalizations

Figure 1. Percentages of heart failure (HF) hospitalizations across age group, race/ethnicity, and sex. This sample-weighted national estimation illustrates the percentages of patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of heart failure stratified by age groups, race/ethnicity, and sex. Error bars and value in parentheses represent 95% confidence intervals (CIs). HF: heart failure; API: Asian-American and Pacific Islander.

**Table 1.** Comparisons Between Hospitalizations With and Without a Primary Diagnosis of HF
Demographics domain	Non-HF hospitalization	HF hospitalization	P value
The weighted estimation has been represented as n (95% confidence interval). The term “sample size” refers to the number of inpatients included in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Statistical significance was determined to be at P < 0.05, and the P value was determined from the Rao-Scott Chi-square test for the sample-weighted national estimations. HF: heart failure; AA: African American, API: Asian-American and Pacific Islander.
Overall	57.85	28.92 (27.87 - 29.98)	95.70	2.59	1.30 (1.25 - 1.34)	4.30	< 0.0001
Race/ethnicity
White	38.05	19.02 (18.28 - 19.76)	95.83	1.66	0.83 (0.80 - 0.86)	4.17	< 0.0001
AA	8.49	4.24 (3.99 - 4.50)	93.91	0.55	0.28 (0.26 - 0.29)	6.09
Hispanic	6.32	3.16 (2.94 - 3.38)	96.79	0.21	0.10 (0.10 - 0.11)	3.21
API	1.60	0.80 (0.73 - 0.87)	96.57	0.06	0.03 (0.02 - 0.03)	3.43
Other racial/ethnic background	3.40	1.70 (1.56 - 1.84)	96.65	0.12	0.06 (0.05 - 0.06)	3.35
Sex
Male	24.60	12.30 (11.83 - 12.76)	94.76	1.36	0.68 (0.65 - 0.71)	5.24	<0.0001
Female	33.24	16.62 (16.02 - 17.22)	96.43	1.23	0.62 (0.59 - 0.64)	3.57
Age group
18 - 34	10.98	5.49 (5.27 - 5.72)	99.69	0.03	0.02 (0.02 - 0.02)	0.31	< 0.0001
35 - 54	11.88	5.94 (5.70 - 6.18)	97.52	0.30	0.15 (0.14 - 0.16)	2.48
55 - 74	21.03	10.51 (10.11 - 10.91)	95.27	1.04	0.52 (0.50 - 0.54)	4.73
≥ 75	13.96	6.98 (6.73 - 7.23)	92.01	1.21	0.61 (0.58 - 0.63)	7.99

Table 1. Comparisons Between Hospitalizations With and Without a Primary Diagnosis of HF

Demographics domain

Non-HF hospitalization

HF hospitalization

P value

Sample size (10⁵)

Weighted estimation (10⁶)

% of inpatients

Sample size (10⁵)

Weighted estimation (10⁶)

% of inpatients

The weighted estimation has been represented as n (95% confidence interval). The term “sample size” refers to the number of inpatients included in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Statistical significance was determined to be at P < 0.05, and the P value was determined from the Rao-Scott Chi-square test for the sample-weighted national estimations. HF: heart failure; AA: African American, API: Asian-American and Pacific Islander.

Overall

57.85

28.92 (27.87 - 29.98)

95.70

2.59

1.30 (1.25 - 1.34)

4.30

< 0.0001

Race/ethnicity

White

38.05

19.02 (18.28 - 19.76)

95.83

1.66

0.83 (0.80 - 0.86)

4.17

< 0.0001

8.49

4.24 (3.99 - 4.50)

93.91

0.55

0.28 (0.26 - 0.29)

6.09

Hispanic

6.32

3.16 (2.94 - 3.38)

96.79

0.21

0.10 (0.10 - 0.11)

3.21

API

1.60

0.80 (0.73 - 0.87)

96.57

0.06

0.03 (0.02 - 0.03)

3.43

Other racial/ethnic background

3.40

1.70 (1.56 - 1.84)

96.65

0.12

0.06 (0.05 - 0.06)

3.35

Sex

Male

24.60

12.30 (11.83 - 12.76)

94.76

1.36

0.68 (0.65 - 0.71)

5.24

<0.0001

Female

33.24

16.62 (16.02 - 17.22)

96.43

1.23

0.62 (0.59 - 0.64)

3.57

Age group

18 - 34

10.98

5.49 (5.27 - 5.72)

99.69

0.03

0.02 (0.02 - 0.02)

0.31

< 0.0001

35 - 54

11.88

5.94 (5.70 - 6.18)

97.52

0.30

0.15 (0.14 - 0.16)

2.48

55 - 74

21.03

10.51 (10.11 - 10.91)

95.27

1.04

0.52 (0.50 - 0.54)

4.73

≥ 75

13.96

6.98 (6.73 - 7.23)

92.01

1.21

0.61 (0.58 - 0.63)

7.99

**Table 2.** Risk Assessment of HF Encounters for the General Population Estimated by the 2019 US Census
Variables	Relative risk (RR)	95% CI of RR	P value
The data were represented as relative risk with 95% CI. Statistical significance was determined to be at P < 0.05, and P value was tested by a Poison regression. HF: heart failure; CI: confidence interval; RR: rate ratio.
Race/ethnicity
White (reference)	1.00
African American	2.49	2.06 - 2.98	< 0.0001
Hispanic American	0.88	0.66 - 1.15	0.38
Asian American and Pacific Islander	0.50	0.29 - 0.80	0.01
Other racial/ethnic background	3.48	2.39 - 4.87	< 0.0001
Sex
Female (reference)	1.00
Male	1.38	1.19 - 1.59	0.0002
Age group
≥ 75 (reference)	1.00
55 - 74	0.25	0.21 - 0.29	< 0.0001
35 - 54	0.06	0.05 - 0.08	< 0.0001
18 - 34	0.01	0.00 - 0.01	< 0.0001

Table 2. Risk Assessment of HF Encounters for the General Population Estimated by the 2019 US Census

Variables

Relative risk (RR)

95% CI of RR

P value

The data were represented as relative risk with 95% CI. Statistical significance was determined to be at P < 0.05, and P value was tested by a Poison regression. HF: heart failure; CI: confidence interval; RR: rate ratio.

Race/ethnicity

White (reference)

1.00

African American

2.49

2.06 - 2.98

< 0.0001

Hispanic American

0.88

0.66 - 1.15

0.38

Asian American and Pacific Islander

0.50

0.29 - 0.80

0.01

Other racial/ethnic background

3.48

2.39 - 4.87

< 0.0001

Sex

Female (reference)

1.00

Male

1.38

1.19 - 1.59

0.0002

Age group

≥ 75 (reference)

1.00

55 - 74

0.25

0.21 - 0.29

< 0.0001

35 - 54

0.06

0.05 - 0.08

< 0.0001

18 - 34

0.01

0.00 - 0.01

< 0.0001

**Table 3.** National Estimation of HF Inpatients Classified by Type and Acuity With Corresponding Hospital Outcomes
HF definitions	Sample size	Weighted estimation (10³)	Hospital outcomes
The weighted estimates are presented as n with a 95% CI. The term “sample size” refers to the number of inpatients included in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). HF: heart failure; CI: confidence interval.
Types of HF defined by affected organ location and function
Systolic HF	77,931	389.66 (374.70 - 404.61)	30.09	5.16 (5.09 - 5.24)	59.25 (57.06 - 61.44)	2.27 (2.20 - 2.40)
Diastolic HF	92,300	461.50 (444.97 - 478.03)	35.63	5.17 (5.13 - 5.21)	47.84 (46.72 - 48.96)	1.89 (1.80 - 2.00)
Combined systolic-diastolic HF	48,529	242.65 (231.53 - 253.76)	18.74	5.95 (5.85 - 6.05)	63.79 (60.32 - 67.25)	2.68 (2.50 - 2.80)
Right HF	3,063	15.32 (14.40 - 16.23)	1.18	6.49 (6.24 - 6.73)	63.65 (58.70 - 68.61)	3.56 (2.90 - 4.60)
Biventricular HF	2,579	12.90 (11.82 - 13.97)	1.00	7.63 (7.29 - 7.96)	85.55 (75.34 - 95.75)	4.46 (3.60 - 5.30)
End-stage HF	4,030	20.15 (18.03 - 22.27)	1.56	10.77 (10.14 - 11.40)	174.29 (154.76 - 193.81)	10.33 (9.30 - 11.40)
Other	30,593	152.97 (147.03 - 158.90)	11.81	5.34 (5.23 - 5.44)	60.49 (58.44 - 62.54)	3.30 (3.10 - 3.50)
HF defined and specified by phenotypes of acuity
Acute	27,948	139.74 (134.74 - 144.74)	10.79	4.62 (4.56 - 4.67)	51.73 (50.33 - 53.12)	1.53 (1.38 - 1.68)
Acute on chronic	188,106	940.53 (905.79 - 975.27)	72.68	5.57 (5.51 - 5.64)	57.85 (55.83 - 59.87)	2.41 (2.33 - 2.49)
Chronic	4,778	23.89 (22.66 - 25.12)	1.84	4.96 (4.72 - 5.19)	61.64 (57.45 - 65.83)	2.83 (2.17 - 3.48)
Undefined or unspecified	38,193	190.97 (183.64 - 198.29)	14.69	5.58 (5.47 - 5.70)	64.83 (62.05 - 67.60)	3.57 (3.34 - 3.79)
Total	259,025	1,295.13 (1,249.1 - 1,341)	100	5.46 (5.40 - 5.52)	58.28 (56.35 - 60.22)	2.49 (2.42 - 2.57)

Table 3. National Estimation of HF Inpatients Classified by Type and Acuity With Corresponding Hospital Outcomes

HF definitions

Sample size

Weighted estimation (10³)

Hospital outcomes

Presentative size (95% CI)

Percent (%)

Length of stay (days)

Total charge ($10³)

In-hospital mortality (%)

The weighted estimates are presented as n with a 95% CI. The term “sample size” refers to the number of inpatients included in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). HF: heart failure; CI: confidence interval.

Types of HF defined by affected organ location and function

Systolic HF

77,931

389.66 (374.70 - 404.61)

30.09

5.16 (5.09 - 5.24)

59.25 (57.06 - 61.44)

2.27 (2.20 - 2.40)

Diastolic HF

92,300

461.50 (444.97 - 478.03)

35.63

5.17 (5.13 - 5.21)

47.84 (46.72 - 48.96)

1.89 (1.80 - 2.00)

Combined systolic-diastolic HF

48,529

242.65 (231.53 - 253.76)

18.74

5.95 (5.85 - 6.05)

63.79 (60.32 - 67.25)

2.68 (2.50 - 2.80)

Right HF

3,063

15.32 (14.40 - 16.23)

1.18

6.49 (6.24 - 6.73)

63.65 (58.70 - 68.61)

3.56 (2.90 - 4.60)

Biventricular HF

2,579

12.90 (11.82 - 13.97)

1.00

7.63 (7.29 - 7.96)

85.55 (75.34 - 95.75)

4.46 (3.60 - 5.30)

End-stage HF

4,030

20.15 (18.03 - 22.27)

1.56

10.77 (10.14 - 11.40)

174.29 (154.76 - 193.81)

10.33 (9.30 - 11.40)

Other

30,593

152.97 (147.03 - 158.90)

11.81

5.34 (5.23 - 5.44)

60.49 (58.44 - 62.54)

3.30 (3.10 - 3.50)

HF defined and specified by phenotypes of acuity

Acute

27,948

139.74 (134.74 - 144.74)

10.79

4.62 (4.56 - 4.67)

51.73 (50.33 - 53.12)

1.53 (1.38 - 1.68)

Acute on chronic

188,106

940.53 (905.79 - 975.27)

72.68

5.57 (5.51 - 5.64)

57.85 (55.83 - 59.87)

2.41 (2.33 - 2.49)

Chronic

4,778

23.89 (22.66 - 25.12)

1.84

4.96 (4.72 - 5.19)

61.64 (57.45 - 65.83)

2.83 (2.17 - 3.48)

Undefined or unspecified

38,193

190.97 (183.64 - 198.29)

14.69

5.58 (5.47 - 5.70)

64.83 (62.05 - 67.60)

3.57 (3.34 - 3.79)

Total

259,025

1,295.13 (1,249.1 - 1,341)

100

5.46 (5.40 - 5.52)

58.28 (56.35 - 60.22)

2.49 (2.42 - 2.57)

**Table 4.** Relative Risk Assessment for the Clinical Classification of HF Inpatients Defined by ICD-10 Codes
Sociodemographic characteristics	Systolic HF	Combined systolic-diastolic HF	Right HF	Biventricular HF	End-stage HF	Other undefined types
The data were represented as OR (95% CI). Statistical significance was determined to be at P <0.05, which was obtained via survey-based logistic regressions. ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision; AA: African American; API: Asian-American and Pacific Islander; HF: heart failure; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Race/ethnicity
White as the control group
AA	1.53 (1.48 - 1.59)	< 0.0001	1.59 (1.52 - 1.66)	< 0.0001	0.95 (0.84 - 1.07)	0.41	1.50 (1.31 - 1.72)	< 0.0001	1.71 (1.46 - 2.00)	< 0.0001	1.99 (1.89 - 2.09)	< 0.0001
Hispanic	1.29 (1.23 - 1.35)	< 0.0001	1.20 (1.12 - 1.28)	< 0.0001	0.86 (0.73 - 1.02)	0.01	0.91 (0.75 - 1.10)	0.40	1.30 (1.07 - 1.57)	0.007	2.45 (2.29 - 2.62)	< 0.0001
API	1.21 (1.12 - 1.31)	< 0.0001	1.20 (1.06 - 1.35)	0.0047	1.10 (0.85 - 1.44)	0.46	0.94 (0.68 - 1.29)	0.70	1.12 (0.84 - 1.45)	0.40	2.34 (2.12 - 2.57)	< 0.0001
Other racial/ethnic background	1.28 (1.19 - 1.38)	< 0.0001	1.14 (1.06 - 1.24)	0.0007	1.12 (0.92 - 1.36)	0.28	1.03 (0.82 - 1.30)	0.81	1.26 (1.03 - 1.54)	0.02	1.76 (1.60 - 1.93)	< 0.0001
Sex
Male as the control group
Female	0.39 (0.38 - 0.40)	< 0.0001	0.48 (0.47 - 0.49)	< 0.0001	0.81 (0.75 - 0.87)	< 0.0001	0.47 (0.44 - 0.51)	< 0.0001	0.36 (0.33 - 0.38)	< 0.0001	0.66 (0.65 - 0.68)	< 0.0001
Age group
≥ 75 as the control group
18 - 34	4.43 (3.93 - 5.00)	< 0.0001	3.07 (2.69 - 3.50)	< 0.0001	8.40 (6.47 - 10.90)	< 0.0001	5.68 (4.14 - 7.79)	< 0.0001	7.56 (5.74 - 9.95)	< 0.0001	5.76 (5.03 - 6.59)	< 0.0001
35 - 54	2.48 (2.38 - 2.58)	< 0.0001	1.98 (1.88 - 2.07)	< 0.0001	3.23 (2.84 - 3.67)	< 0.0001	3.14 (2.78 - 3.55)	< 0.0001	2.68 (2.35 - 3.07)	< 0.0001	2.80 (2.66 - 2.94)	< 0.0001
55 - 74	1.50 (1.46 - 1.53)	< 0.0001	1.35 (1.31 - 1.39)	< 0.0001	1.72 (1.58 - 1.87)	< 0.0001	1.76 (1.60 - 1.93)	< 0.0001	1.60 (1.45 - 1.77)	< 0.0001	1.82 (1.76 - 1.88)	< 0.0001

Table 4. Relative Risk Assessment for the Clinical Classification of HF Inpatients Defined by ICD-10 Codes

Sociodemographic characteristics

Systolic HF

Combined systolic-diastolic HF

Right HF

Biventricular HF

End-stage HF

Other undefined types

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

The data were represented as OR (95% CI). Statistical significance was determined to be at P <0.05, which was obtained via survey-based logistic regressions. ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision; AA: African American; API: Asian-American and Pacific Islander; HF: heart failure; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Race/ethnicity

White as the control group

1.53 (1.48 - 1.59)

< 0.0001

1.59 (1.52 - 1.66)

< 0.0001

0.95 (0.84 - 1.07)

0.41

1.50 (1.31 - 1.72)

< 0.0001

1.71 (1.46 - 2.00)

< 0.0001

1.99 (1.89 - 2.09)

< 0.0001

Hispanic

1.29 (1.23 - 1.35)

< 0.0001

1.20 (1.12 - 1.28)

< 0.0001

0.86 (0.73 - 1.02)

0.01

0.91 (0.75 - 1.10)

0.40

1.30 (1.07 - 1.57)

0.007

2.45 (2.29 - 2.62)

< 0.0001

API

1.21 (1.12 - 1.31)

< 0.0001

1.20 (1.06 - 1.35)

0.0047

1.10 (0.85 - 1.44)

0.46

0.94 (0.68 - 1.29)

0.70

1.12 (0.84 - 1.45)

0.40

2.34 (2.12 - 2.57)

< 0.0001

Other racial/ethnic background

1.28 (1.19 - 1.38)

< 0.0001

1.14 (1.06 - 1.24)

0.0007

1.12 (0.92 - 1.36)

0.28

1.03 (0.82 - 1.30)

0.81

1.26 (1.03 - 1.54)

0.02

1.76 (1.60 - 1.93)

< 0.0001

Sex

Male as the control group

Female

0.39 (0.38 - 0.40)

< 0.0001

0.48 (0.47 - 0.49)

< 0.0001

0.81 (0.75 - 0.87)

< 0.0001

0.47 (0.44 - 0.51)

< 0.0001

0.36 (0.33 - 0.38)

< 0.0001

0.66 (0.65 - 0.68)

< 0.0001

Age group

≥ 75 as the control group

18 - 34

4.43 (3.93 - 5.00)

< 0.0001

3.07 (2.69 - 3.50)

< 0.0001

8.40 (6.47 - 10.90)

< 0.0001

5.68 (4.14 - 7.79)

< 0.0001

7.56 (5.74 - 9.95)

< 0.0001

5.76 (5.03 - 6.59)

< 0.0001

35 - 54

2.48 (2.38 - 2.58)

< 0.0001

1.98 (1.88 - 2.07)

< 0.0001

3.23 (2.84 - 3.67)

< 0.0001

3.14 (2.78 - 3.55)

< 0.0001

2.68 (2.35 - 3.07)

< 0.0001

2.80 (2.66 - 2.94)

< 0.0001

55 - 74

1.50 (1.46 - 1.53)

< 0.0001

1.35 (1.31 - 1.39)

< 0.0001

1.72 (1.58 - 1.87)

< 0.0001

1.76 (1.60 - 1.93)

< 0.0001

1.60 (1.45 - 1.77)

< 0.0001

1.82 (1.76 - 1.88)

< 0.0001

**Table 5.** Relative Risk Assessment for Acuity of HF Diagnoses Using Chronic HF as Control
Sociodemographic characteristics	Acute vs. chronic	Acute on chronic vs. chronic	Unspecified acute or chronic vs. chronic
The data were represented as OR (95% CI). Statistical significance was determined to be at P <0.05, which was obtained via survey-based logistic regressions. AA: African American; API: Asian-American and Pacific Islander; HF: heart failure; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Race/ethnicity
White as the control group
African American	0.67 (0.61 - 0.74)	< 0.0001	0.99 (0.91 - 1.08)	0.86	1.36 (1.23 - 1.49)	< 0.0001
Hispanic	0.76 (0.67 - 0.86)	< 0.0001	0.85 (0.76 - 0.95)	0.005	1.73 (1.50 - 2.00)	< 0.0001
API	1.08 (0.85 - 1.37)	0.53	0.91 (0.72 - 1.14)	0.42	2.02 (1.52 - 2.69)	< 0.0001
Other racial/ethnic background	0.79 (0.67 - 0.93)	0.004	0.81 (0.71 - 0.92)	0.0017	1.22 (1.04 - 1.44)	0.02
Sex
Male as the control group
Female	1.21 (1.14 - 1.29)	< 0.0001	1.07 (1.01 - 1.13)	0.03	1.16 (1.07 - 1.25)	0.0003
Age group
≥ 75 as the control group
18 - 34	2.30 (1.74 - 3.04)	< 0.0001	0.82 (0.63 - 1.07)	0.13	2.03 (1.51 - 2.74)	< 0.0001
35 - 54	1.58 (1.42 - 1.77)	< 0.0001	0.86 (0.77 - 0.95)	0.004	1.50 (1.33 - 1.70)	< 0.0001
55 - 74	1.14 (1.06 - 1.22)	0.0005	0.91 (0.85 - 0.97)	0.004	1.30 (1.20 - 1.42)	< 0.0001
Types of HF
Diastolic HF as the control diagnosis
Systolic HF	1.10 (1.02 - 1.18)	0.02	0.99 (0.92 - 1.06)	0.74	0.73 (0.64 - 0.81)	< 0.0001
Combined systolic-diastolic HF	0.76 (0.69 - 0.84)	< 0.0001	1.49 (1.36 - 1.63)	< 0.0001	11.36 (10.10 - 12.77)	< 0.0001
Right HF	0.85 (0.66 - 1.10)	0.25	0.75 (0.59 - 0.95)	0.02	10.01 (7.71 - 13.00)	< 0.0001
Biventricular HF	0.46 (0.35 - 0.61)	< 0.0001	0.79 (0.62 - 1.00)	0.05	6.60 (5.02 - 8.67)	< 0.0001
End-stage HF	0.07 (0.05 - 0.10)	< 0.0001	0.51 (0.42 - 0.62)	< 0.0001	5.54 (4.41 - 6.94)	< 0.0001

Table 5. Relative Risk Assessment for Acuity of HF Diagnoses Using Chronic HF as Control

Sociodemographic characteristics

Acute vs. chronic

Acute on chronic vs. chronic

Unspecified acute or chronic vs. chronic

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

P value

The data were represented as OR (95% CI). Statistical significance was determined to be at P <0.05, which was obtained via survey-based logistic regressions. AA: African American; API: Asian-American and Pacific Islander; HF: heart failure; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Race/ethnicity

White as the control group

African American

0.67 (0.61 - 0.74)

< 0.0001

0.99 (0.91 - 1.08)

0.86

1.36 (1.23 - 1.49)

< 0.0001

Hispanic

0.76 (0.67 - 0.86)

< 0.0001

0.85 (0.76 - 0.95)

0.005

1.73 (1.50 - 2.00)

< 0.0001

API

1.08 (0.85 - 1.37)

0.53

0.91 (0.72 - 1.14)

0.42

2.02 (1.52 - 2.69)

< 0.0001

Other racial/ethnic background

0.79 (0.67 - 0.93)

0.004

0.81 (0.71 - 0.92)

0.0017

1.22 (1.04 - 1.44)

0.02

Sex

Male as the control group

Female

1.21 (1.14 - 1.29)

< 0.0001

1.07 (1.01 - 1.13)

0.03

1.16 (1.07 - 1.25)

0.0003

Age group

≥ 75 as the control group

18 - 34

2.30 (1.74 - 3.04)

< 0.0001

0.82 (0.63 - 1.07)

0.13

2.03 (1.51 - 2.74)

< 0.0001

35 - 54

1.58 (1.42 - 1.77)

< 0.0001

0.86 (0.77 - 0.95)

0.004

1.50 (1.33 - 1.70)

< 0.0001

55 - 74

1.14 (1.06 - 1.22)

0.0005

0.91 (0.85 - 0.97)

0.004

1.30 (1.20 - 1.42)

< 0.0001

Types of HF

Diastolic HF as the control diagnosis

Systolic HF

1.10 (1.02 - 1.18)

0.02

0.99 (0.92 - 1.06)

0.74

0.73 (0.64 - 0.81)

< 0.0001

Combined systolic-diastolic HF

0.76 (0.69 - 0.84)

< 0.0001

1.49 (1.36 - 1.63)

< 0.0001

11.36 (10.10 - 12.77)

< 0.0001

Right HF

0.85 (0.66 - 1.10)

0.25

0.75 (0.59 - 0.95)

0.02

10.01 (7.71 - 13.00)

< 0.0001

Biventricular HF

0.46 (0.35 - 0.61)

< 0.0001

0.79 (0.62 - 1.00)

0.05

6.60 (5.02 - 8.67)

< 0.0001

End-stage HF

0.07 (0.05 - 0.10)

< 0.0001

0.51 (0.42 - 0.62)

< 0.0001

5.54 (4.41 - 6.94)

< 0.0001