Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 000, Number 000, January 2026, pages 000-000

Association Between Insulin Resistance Marker Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate and Cardiovascular Risk in Obesity: Insights From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2018

Figure 1. Participant flowchart. eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio.

Figure 2. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) by eGDR quartile (Q4 vs. Q1). eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; CI: confidence interval; Q: quartile; CAD: coronary artery disease.

Figure 3. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for eGDR in predicting cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CAD: coronary artery disease; AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Figure 4. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis of the association between eGDR and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; CAD: coronary artery disease; CI: confidence interval.

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of Study Individuals According to Quartiles of the eGDR Index
Variables	Overall (n = 20,521)	eGDR	P value
BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein; Cr: creatinine; eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; CVD: cardiovascular disease; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Age (year)	54 (39, 67)	60 (49, 68)	62 (49, 72)	49 (34, 64)	44 (32, 60)	< 0.001
Female, n (%)	11,979 (58.4%)	1,936 (48.4%)	3,662 (59.0%)	2,095 (52.6%)	4,286 (67.7%)	< 0.001
Race, n (%)						< 0.001
Mexican American	4,352 (21.2%)	576 (14.4%)	1,060 (17.1%)	847 (21.3%)	1,869 (29.5%)
Non-Hispanic Black	4,265 (20.8%)	1,217 (30.4%)	1,380 (22.2%)	762 (19.1%)	906 (14.3%)
Non-Hispanic White	8,846 (43.1%)	1,758 (44.0%)	2,889 (46.6%)	1,807 (45.4%)	2,392 (37.8%)
Hispanic	1,874 (9.1%)	284 (7.1%)	534 (8.6%)	343 (8.6%)	713 (11.3%)
Other	1,184 (5.8%)	165 (4.1%)	342 (5.5%)	225 (5.6%)	452 (7.1%)
BMI (kg/m²)	33.0 (30.0, 37.0)	38.1 (34.2, 42.8)	31.8 (29.4, 35.1)	35.1 (31.7, 38.7)	31.1 (29.0, 33.4)	< 0.001
WC (cm)	110 (103, 119)	124 (118, 132)	108 (103, 113)	117 (112, 122)	104 (100, 108)	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.70 (5.30, 6.10)	6.40 (5.80, 7.70)	5.70 (5.40, 6.10)	5.60 (5.40, 6.00)	5.40 (5.20, 5.70)	< 0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	104 (96, 119)	122 (105, 165)	106 (98, 119)	104 (96, 115)	98 (91, 105)	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.63 (1.12, 2.41)	1.74 (1.21, 2.59)	1.64 (1.13, 2.39)	1.65 (1.14, 2.45)	1.55 (1.06, 2.29)	< 0.001
TC (mg/dL)	195 (169, 224)	185 (158, 216)	195 (169, 224)	196 (170, 223)	201 (175, 230)	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.97 (2.38, 3.60)	2.74 (2.15, 3.39)	2.95 (2.33, 3.57)	3.05 (2.46, 3.65)	3.10 (2.56, 3.70)	< 0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.22 (1.01, 1.47)	1.14 (0.96, 1.37)	1.24 (1.03, 1.50)	1.16 (0.98, 1.40)	1.27 (1.06, 1.53)	< 0.001
CRP (mmol/L)	0.60 (0.25, 1.81)	0.93 (0.36, 2.96)	0.56 (0.23, 1.66)	0.64 (0.27, 2.07)	0.50 (0.21, 1.35)	< 0.001
Serum Cr (mmol/L)	72 (62, 88)	80 (66, 97)	77 (63, 91)	72 (62, 88)	67 (55, 80)	< 0.001
eGDR	6.03 (4.40, 8.31)	3.03 (2.16, 3.58)	4.95 (4.54, 5.40)	7.27 (6.65, 7.68)	8.77 (8.40, 9.19)	< 0.001
WHtR	0.66 (0.63, 0.71)	0.74 (0.69, 0.79)	0.65 (0.63, 0.69)	0.69 (0.65, 0.73)	0.63 (0.61, 0.66)	< 0.001
Hypertension, n (%)	9,782 (47.7%)	3,886 (97.2%)	5,453 (87.9%)	443 (11.1%)	0 (0.0%)	< 0.001
CVD, n (%)	2,994 (14.6%)	1,048 (26.2%)	1,256 (20.2%)	352 (8.8%)	338 (5.3%)	< 0.001
Heart failure, n (%)	942 (4.6%)	407 (10.2%)	366 (5.9%)	89 (2.2%)	80 (1.3%)	< 0.001
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	1,125 (5.5%)	412 (10.4%)	480 (7.8%)	130 (3.3%)	103 (1.6%)	< 0.001
Angina (%)	839 (4.1%)	308 (7.8%)	346 (5.6%)	89 (2.2%)	96 (1.5%)	< 0.001
Myocardial infarction, n (%)	1,177 (5.7%)	439 (11.0%)	457 (7.4%)	147 (3.7%)	134 (2.1%)	< 0.001
Stroke, n (%)	962 (4.7%)	310 (7.8%)	452 (7.3%)	98 (2.5%)	102 (1.6%)	< 0.001
Diabetes status, n (%)						< 0.001
Normal	7,609 (37.1%)	485 (12.1%)	1,875 (30.2%)	1,569 (39.4%)	3,680 (58.1%)
Prediabetes	7,640 (37.2%)	1,132 (28.3%)	2,619 (42.2%)	1,607 (40.3%)	2,282 (36.0%)
Diabetes	5,272 (25.7%)	2,383 (59.6%)	1,711 (27.6%)	808 (20.3%)	370 (5.8%)
Smoking status, n (%)						< 0.001
Current	3,533 (17.2%)	675 (16.9%)	1,002 (16.2%)	751 (18.9%)	1,105 (17.5%)
Former	5,883 (28.7%)	1,423 (35.6%)	2,024 (32.6%)	1,062 (26.7%)	1,374 (21.7%)
Never	11,088 (54.1%)	1,901 (47.5%)	3,174 (51.2%)	2,166 (54.4%)	3,847 (60.8%)
Alcohol consumption, n (%)						< 0.001
Heavy	759 (3.8%)	132 (3.5%)	196 (3.3%)	182 (4.7%)	249 (4.0%)
Moderate	5,130 (25.8%)	1,074 (28.2%)	1,482 (24.8%)	1,165 (30.0%)	1,409 (22.7%)
Mild	10,869 (54.7%)	2,043 (53.6%)	3,328 (55.6%)	1,972 (50.9%)	3,526 (56.9%)
Never	3,121 (15.7%)	566 (14.8%)	981 (16.4%)	559 (14.4%)	1,015 (16.4%)
NHANES cycle, n (%)						< 0.001
1999 - 2000	1,603 (7.8%)	235 (5.9%)	485 (7.8%)	295 (7.4%)	588 (9.3%)
2001 - 2002	1,717 (8.4%)	253 (6.3%)	490 (7.9%)	338 (8.5%)	636 (10.0%)
2003 - 2004	1,748 (8.5%)	284 (7.1%)	569 (9.2%)	327 (8.2%)	568 (9.0%)
2005 - 2006	1,780 (8.7%)	307 (7.7%)	496 (8.0%)	337 (8.5%)	640 (10.1%)
2007 - 2008	2,266 (11.0%)	455 (11.4%)	701 (11.3%)	427 (10.7%)	683 (10.8%)
2009 - 2010	2,414 (11.8%)	505 (12.6%)	745 (12.0%)	493 (12.4%)	671 (10.6%)
2011 - 2012	1,974 (9.6%)	429 (10.7%)	603 (9.7%)	395 (9.9%)	547 (8.6%)
2013 - 2014	2,250 (11.0%)	479 (12.0%)	681 (11.0%)	424 (10.6%)	666 (10.5%)
2015 - 2016	2,388 (11.6%)	508 (12.7%)	720 (11.6%)	469 (11.8%)	691 (10.9%)
2017 - 2018	2,381 (11.6%)	545 (13.6%)	715 (11.5%)	479 (12.0%)	642 (10.1%)

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Individuals According to Quartiles of the eGDR Index

Variables

Overall (n = 20,521)

eGDR

P value

≤ 4 (n = 4,000)

4 - 6 (n = 6,205)

6 - 8 (n = 3,984)

> 8 (n = 6,332)

BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein; Cr: creatinine; eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; CVD: cardiovascular disease; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Age (year)

54 (39, 67)

60 (49, 68)

62 (49, 72)

49 (34, 64)

44 (32, 60)

< 0.001

Female, n (%)

11,979 (58.4%)

1,936 (48.4%)

3,662 (59.0%)

2,095 (52.6%)

4,286 (67.7%)

< 0.001

Race, n (%)

< 0.001

Mexican American

4,352 (21.2%)

576 (14.4%)

1,060 (17.1%)

847 (21.3%)

1,869 (29.5%)

Non-Hispanic Black

4,265 (20.8%)

1,217 (30.4%)

1,380 (22.2%)

762 (19.1%)

906 (14.3%)

Non-Hispanic White

8,846 (43.1%)

1,758 (44.0%)

2,889 (46.6%)

1,807 (45.4%)

2,392 (37.8%)

Hispanic

1,874 (9.1%)

284 (7.1%)

534 (8.6%)

343 (8.6%)

713 (11.3%)

Other

1,184 (5.8%)

165 (4.1%)

342 (5.5%)

225 (5.6%)

452 (7.1%)

BMI (kg/m²)

33.0 (30.0, 37.0)

38.1 (34.2, 42.8)

31.8 (29.4, 35.1)

35.1 (31.7, 38.7)

31.1 (29.0, 33.4)

< 0.001

WC (cm)

110 (103, 119)

124 (118, 132)

108 (103, 113)

117 (112, 122)

104 (100, 108)

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.70 (5.30, 6.10)

6.40 (5.80, 7.70)

5.70 (5.40, 6.10)

5.60 (5.40, 6.00)

5.40 (5.20, 5.70)

< 0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

104 (96, 119)

122 (105, 165)

106 (98, 119)

104 (96, 115)

98 (91, 105)

< 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.63 (1.12, 2.41)

1.74 (1.21, 2.59)

1.64 (1.13, 2.39)

1.65 (1.14, 2.45)

1.55 (1.06, 2.29)

< 0.001

TC (mg/dL)

195 (169, 224)

185 (158, 216)

195 (169, 224)

196 (170, 223)

201 (175, 230)

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.97 (2.38, 3.60)

2.74 (2.15, 3.39)

2.95 (2.33, 3.57)

3.05 (2.46, 3.65)

3.10 (2.56, 3.70)

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.22 (1.01, 1.47)

1.14 (0.96, 1.37)

1.24 (1.03, 1.50)

1.16 (0.98, 1.40)

1.27 (1.06, 1.53)

< 0.001

CRP (mmol/L)

0.60 (0.25, 1.81)

0.93 (0.36, 2.96)

0.56 (0.23, 1.66)

0.64 (0.27, 2.07)

0.50 (0.21, 1.35)

< 0.001

Serum Cr (mmol/L)

72 (62, 88)

80 (66, 97)

77 (63, 91)

72 (62, 88)

67 (55, 80)

< 0.001

eGDR

6.03 (4.40, 8.31)

3.03 (2.16, 3.58)

4.95 (4.54, 5.40)

7.27 (6.65, 7.68)

8.77 (8.40, 9.19)

< 0.001

WHtR

0.66 (0.63, 0.71)

0.74 (0.69, 0.79)

0.65 (0.63, 0.69)

0.69 (0.65, 0.73)

0.63 (0.61, 0.66)

< 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

9,782 (47.7%)

3,886 (97.2%)

5,453 (87.9%)

443 (11.1%)

0 (0.0%)

< 0.001

CVD, n (%)

2,994 (14.6%)

1,048 (26.2%)

1,256 (20.2%)

352 (8.8%)

338 (5.3%)

< 0.001

Heart failure, n (%)

942 (4.6%)

407 (10.2%)

366 (5.9%)

89 (2.2%)

80 (1.3%)

< 0.001

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

1,125 (5.5%)

412 (10.4%)

480 (7.8%)

130 (3.3%)

103 (1.6%)

< 0.001

Angina (%)

839 (4.1%)

308 (7.8%)

346 (5.6%)

89 (2.2%)

96 (1.5%)

< 0.001

Myocardial infarction, n (%)

1,177 (5.7%)

439 (11.0%)

457 (7.4%)

147 (3.7%)

134 (2.1%)

< 0.001

Stroke, n (%)

962 (4.7%)

310 (7.8%)

452 (7.3%)

98 (2.5%)

102 (1.6%)

< 0.001

Diabetes status, n (%)

< 0.001

Normal

7,609 (37.1%)

485 (12.1%)

1,875 (30.2%)

1,569 (39.4%)

3,680 (58.1%)

Prediabetes

7,640 (37.2%)

1,132 (28.3%)

2,619 (42.2%)

1,607 (40.3%)

2,282 (36.0%)

Diabetes

5,272 (25.7%)

2,383 (59.6%)

1,711 (27.6%)

808 (20.3%)

370 (5.8%)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.001

Current

3,533 (17.2%)

675 (16.9%)

1,002 (16.2%)

751 (18.9%)

1,105 (17.5%)

Former

5,883 (28.7%)

1,423 (35.6%)

2,024 (32.6%)

1,062 (26.7%)

1,374 (21.7%)

Never

11,088 (54.1%)

1,901 (47.5%)

3,174 (51.2%)

2,166 (54.4%)

3,847 (60.8%)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

< 0.001

Heavy

759 (3.8%)

132 (3.5%)

196 (3.3%)

182 (4.7%)

249 (4.0%)

Moderate

5,130 (25.8%)

1,074 (28.2%)

1,482 (24.8%)

1,165 (30.0%)

1,409 (22.7%)

Mild

10,869 (54.7%)

2,043 (53.6%)

3,328 (55.6%)

1,972 (50.9%)

3,526 (56.9%)

Never

3,121 (15.7%)

566 (14.8%)

981 (16.4%)

559 (14.4%)

1,015 (16.4%)

NHANES cycle, n (%)

< 0.001

1999 - 2000

1,603 (7.8%)

235 (5.9%)

485 (7.8%)

295 (7.4%)

588 (9.3%)

2001 - 2002

1,717 (8.4%)

253 (6.3%)

490 (7.9%)

338 (8.5%)

636 (10.0%)

2003 - 2004

1,748 (8.5%)

284 (7.1%)

569 (9.2%)

327 (8.2%)

568 (9.0%)

2005 - 2006

1,780 (8.7%)

307 (7.7%)

496 (8.0%)

337 (8.5%)

640 (10.1%)

2007 - 2008

2,266 (11.0%)

455 (11.4%)

701 (11.3%)

427 (10.7%)

683 (10.8%)

2009 - 2010

2,414 (11.8%)

505 (12.6%)

745 (12.0%)

493 (12.4%)

671 (10.6%)

2011 - 2012

1,974 (9.6%)

429 (10.7%)

603 (9.7%)

395 (9.9%)

547 (8.6%)

2013 - 2014

2,250 (11.0%)

479 (12.0%)

681 (11.0%)

424 (10.6%)

666 (10.5%)

2015 - 2016

2,388 (11.6%)

508 (12.7%)

720 (11.6%)

469 (11.8%)

691 (10.9%)

2017 - 2018

2,381 (11.6%)

545 (13.6%)

715 (11.5%)

479 (12.0%)

642 (10.1%)

**Table 2.** Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for CVD Risk Factors
Variables	Univariable	Multivariable
CVD: cardiovascular disease; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein; Cr: creatinine; eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; CVD: cardiovascular disease; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
eGDR
Q1 (> 8)	-	-		-	-
Q2 (6 - 8)	1.72	1.47, 2.01	< 0.001	1.35	1.02, 1.78	0.035
Q3 (4 - 6)	4.50	3.97, 5.10	< 0.001	2.11	1.67, 2.66	< 0.001
Q4 (≤ 4)	6.30	5.53, 7.17	< 0.001	2.48	1.90, 3.22	< 0.001
Male	1.66	1.54, 1.80	< 0.001	1.10	0.89, 1.35	0.379
Age	1.06	1.06, 1.07	< 0.001	1.05	1.05, 1.06	< 0.001
Race
Other	-	-		-	-
Mexican American	0.76	0.62, 0.94	0.011	0.64	0.42, 0.98	0.039
Non-Hispanic Black	1.30	1.07, 1.59	0.010	1.01	0.67, 1.53	0.968
Non-Hispanic White	1.80	1.50, 2.18	< 0.001	1.02	0.69, 1.50	0.936
Hispanic	0.99	0.79, 1.25	0.960	0.94	0.60, 1.48	0.797
Serum Cr	1.01	1.01, 1.02	< 0.001	1.01	1.01, 1.01	< 0.001
TG	1.01	0.99, 1.03	0.280	0.91	0.56, 1.48	0.704
Fasting glucose	1.01	1.01, 1.01	< 0.001	1.00	1.00, 1.00	0.709
TC	0.99	0.99, 0.99	< 0.001	1.01	0.98, 1.03	0.711
LDL-C	0.61	0.57, 0.66	< 0.001	0.63	0.22, 1.78	0.381
HDL-C	0.70	0.63, 0.79	< 0.001	0.58	0.20, 1.66	0.307
CRP	1.01	1.00, 1.02	0.003	1.01	1.00, 1.02	0.229
Diabetes status
Normal	-	-		-	-
Prediabetes	1.86	1.67, 2.07	< 0.001	1.09	0.87, 1.37	0.449
Diabetes	4.41	3.97, 4.89	< 0.001	1.57	1.19, 2.06	0.001
Smoking status, n (%)
Current	-	-		-	-
Former	2.33	2.13, 2.54	< 0.001	1.40	1.17, 1.67	< 0.001
Never	1.46	1.31, 1.63	< 0.001	2.36	1.89, 2.94	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption, n (%)
Never	-	-		-	-
Mild	1.09	0.98, 1.23	0.124	1.13	0.90, 1.42	0.302
Moderate	1.06	0.93, 1.20	0.391	0.99	0.74, 1.32	0.935
Heavy	0.66	0.51, 0.86	0.002	0.82	0.51, 1.32	0.409

Table 2. Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for CVD Risk Factors

Variables

Univariable

Multivariable

95% CI

P value

95% CI

P value

CVD: cardiovascular disease; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein; Cr: creatinine; eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; CVD: cardiovascular disease; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

eGDR

Q1 (> 8)

Q2 (6 - 8)

1.72

1.47, 2.01

< 0.001

1.35

1.02, 1.78

0.035

Q3 (4 - 6)

4.50

3.97, 5.10

< 0.001

2.11

1.67, 2.66

< 0.001

Q4 (≤ 4)

6.30

5.53, 7.17

< 0.001

2.48

1.90, 3.22

< 0.001

Male

1.66

1.54, 1.80

< 0.001

1.10

0.89, 1.35

0.379

Age

1.06

1.06, 1.07

< 0.001

1.05

1.05, 1.06

< 0.001

Race

Other

Mexican American

0.76

0.62, 0.94

0.011

0.64

0.42, 0.98

0.039

Non-Hispanic Black

1.30

1.07, 1.59

0.010

1.01

0.67, 1.53

0.968

Non-Hispanic White

1.80

1.50, 2.18

< 0.001

1.02

0.69, 1.50

0.936

Hispanic

0.99

0.79, 1.25

0.960

0.94

0.60, 1.48

0.797

Serum Cr

1.01

1.01, 1.02

< 0.001

1.01

1.01, 1.01

< 0.001

1.01

0.99, 1.03

0.280

0.91

0.56, 1.48

0.704

Fasting glucose

1.01

1.01, 1.01

< 0.001

1.00

1.00, 1.00

0.709

0.99

0.99, 0.99

< 0.001

1.01

0.98, 1.03

0.711

LDL-C

0.61

0.57, 0.66

< 0.001

0.63

0.22, 1.78

0.381

HDL-C

0.70

0.63, 0.79

< 0.001

0.58

0.20, 1.66

0.307

CRP

1.01

1.00, 1.02

0.003

1.01

1.00, 1.02

0.229

Diabetes status

Normal

Prediabetes

1.86

1.67, 2.07

< 0.001

1.09

0.87, 1.37

0.449

Diabetes

4.41

3.97, 4.89

< 0.001

1.57

1.19, 2.06

0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

Current

Former

2.33

2.13, 2.54

< 0.001

1.40

1.17, 1.67

< 0.001

Never

1.46

1.31, 1.63

< 0.001

2.36

1.89, 2.94

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

Never

Mild

1.09

0.98, 1.23

0.124

1.13

0.90, 1.42

0.302

Moderate

1.06

0.93, 1.20

0.391

0.99

0.74, 1.32

0.935

Heavy

0.66

0.51, 0.86

0.002

0.82

0.51, 1.32

0.409

Table 3. Association between eGDR Quartiles and CVD Risk in Different Multivariate Models

Variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

95% CI

P value

95% CI

P value

95% CI

P value

CVD: cardiovascular disease; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein; Cr: creatinine; Q: quartile; eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

eGDR

Q1 (> 8)

Q2 (6 - 8)

1.41

1.20, 1.66

< 0.001

1.40

1.19, 1.65

< 0.001

1.62

1.25, 2.10

< 0.001

Q3 (4 - 6)

3.37

2.95, 3.84

< 0.001

2.59

2.27, 2.95

< 0.001

3.39

2.73, 4.22

< 0.001

Q4 (≤ 4)

3.58

3.10, 4.14

< 0.001

4.10

3.57, 4.70

< 0.001

3.89

3.06, 4.94

< 0.001

Male

1.39

1.28, 1.52

< 0.001

Age

1.06

1.06, 1.06

< 0.001

Race

Other

Mexican American

0.75

0.60, 0.94

0.012

Non-Hispanic Black

1.00

0.81, 1.24

0.994

Non-Hispanic White

1.12

0.91, 1.36

0.291

Hispanic

0.86

0.67, 1.10

0.219

Serum Cr

1.01

1.01, 1.02

< 0.001

Fasting glucose

1.00

1.00, 1.00

0.917

0.95

0.62, 1.45

0.806

1.00

0.98, 1.03

0.694

LDL-C

0.60

0.24, 1.49

0.269

HDL-C

0.83

0.33, 2.10

0.692

CRP

1.00

0.99, 1.01

0.463

Diabetes status

Normal

Prediabetes

1.46

1.31, 1.64

< 0.001

Diabetes

2.55

2.27, 2.87

< 0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

Current

Former

2.06

1.87, 2.27

< 0.001

Never

1.54

1.37, 1.74

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

Never

Mild

0.90

0.80, 1.02

0.113

Moderate

0.82

0.71, 0.94

0.005

Heavy

0.58

0.44, 0.76

< 0.001

**Table 4.** Subgroup Analysis of the Association Between eGDR Quartiles (Q4) and CVD Risk
Variables	Age	Sex	Diabetes status
Q: quartile; eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate.
eGDR Q1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
eGDR Q2	1.79 (1.35 - 2.36)	1.40 (1.15 - 1.71)	1.16 (0.93 - 1.46)	2.19 (1.77 - 2.72)	1.34 (1.02 - 1.77)	1.49 (1.16 - 1.92)	1.04 (0.74 - 1.45)
	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P = 0.182	P < 0.001	P = 0.036	P = 0.002	P = 0.833
eGDR Q3	5.73 (4.56 - 7.20)	2.17 (1.86 - 2.55)	3.60 (2.99 - 4.33)	5.09 (4.28 - 6.05)	4.40 (3.57 - 5.41)	3.92 (3.21 - 4.80)	1.91 (1.42 - 2.56)
	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
eGDR Q4	8.84 (7.03 - 11.12)	3.23 (2.73 - 3.81)	5.04 (4.19 - 6.07)	6.53 (5.42 - 7.86)	3.26 (2.37 - 4.50)	4.51 (3.60 - 5.66)	2.35 (1.76 - 3.15)
	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001

Table 4. Subgroup Analysis of the Association Between eGDR Quartiles (Q4) and CVD Risk

Variables

Age

Sex

Diabetes status

≤ 60

> 60

Male

Female

Normal

Prediabetes

Diabetes

Q: quartile; eGDR: estimated glucose disposal rate.

eGDR Q1

eGDR Q2

1.79 (1.35 - 2.36)

1.40 (1.15 - 1.71)

1.16 (0.93 - 1.46)

2.19 (1.77 - 2.72)

1.34 (1.02 - 1.77)

1.49 (1.16 - 1.92)

1.04 (0.74 - 1.45)

P < 0.001

P = 0.182

P < 0.001

P = 0.036

P = 0.002

P = 0.833

eGDR Q3

5.73 (4.56 - 7.20)

2.17 (1.86 - 2.55)

3.60 (2.99 - 4.33)

5.09 (4.28 - 6.05)

4.40 (3.57 - 5.41)

3.92 (3.21 - 4.80)

1.91 (1.42 - 2.56)

P < 0.001

eGDR Q4

8.84 (7.03 - 11.12)

3.23 (2.73 - 3.81)

5.04 (4.19 - 6.07)

6.53 (5.42 - 7.86)

3.26 (2.37 - 4.50)

4.51 (3.60 - 5.66)

2.35 (1.76 - 3.15)

P < 0.001