Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 3, June 2026, pages 164-169

Holter-Derived Mean Heart Rate as a Predictor of Short-Term Clinical Risk in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Heart Failure

↓ **Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population According to Mean 24-H HR Categories
Characteristic	< 70 bpm (n = 21)	70–100 bpm (n = 57)	> 100 bpm (n = 16)	P value
Data were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR) or n (%). HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide.
Gender				0.084
Male	8 (19.5%)	22 (53.7%)	11 (26.8%)
Female	13 (24.5%)	35 (66.0%)	5 (9.4%)
Age groups				0.163
< 60 years	3 (10.0%)	20 (66.7%)	7 (23.3%)
60–80 years	11 (24.4%)	26 (57.8%)	8 (17.8%)
> 80 years	7 (36.8%)	11 (57.9%)	1 (5.3%)
Comorbidities
Body mass index (kg/m²) > 25	6 (16.2%)	23 (62.2%)	8 (21.6%)	0.405
Hypertension	16 (29.6%)	33 (61.1%)	5 (9.3%)	0.023
Dyslipidemia	17 (27.9%)	39 (63.9%)	5 (8.2%)	0.005
Coronary artery disease	17 (26.6%)	38 (59.4%)	9 (14.1%)	0.261
Dilated cardiomyopathy	2 (13.3%)	7 (46.7%)	6 (40.0%)	0.055
Valvular heart disease	6 (16.7%)	26 (72.2%)	4 (11.1%)	0.189
Chronic kidney disease	4 (26.7%)	11 (73.3%)	0	0.148
Diabetes mellitus	3 (11.1%)	19 (70.4%)	5 (18.5%)	0.249
Clinical severity
NYHA III–IV	16	54	14	0.095
Beta-blocker use	15 (71.4%)	35 (61.4%)	14 (87.5%)	0.132
Echocardiography and biomarkers
LVEF (%), median (IQR)	33.6 (23–41)	38 (31–50)	30 (21.9–56.5)	0.246
LVEF < 40%	14 (14.9%)	31 (33.0%)	11 (11.7%)	0.596
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	3,276 (1,294–10,190)	4,962 (2,929–16,440)	6,507 (4,219–8,683)	0.150
Troponin-T (ng/L)	35.5 (15.5–115)	38.5 (19.3–82.2)	34.9 (22–46.4)	0.828

↓ Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population According to Mean 24-H HR Categories

Characteristic

< 70 bpm (n = 21)

70–100 bpm (n = 57)

> 100 bpm (n = 16)

P value

Data were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR) or n (%). HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide.

Gender

0.084

Male

8 (19.5%)

22 (53.7%)

11 (26.8%)

Female

13 (24.5%)

35 (66.0%)

5 (9.4%)

Age groups

0.163

< 60 years

3 (10.0%)

20 (66.7%)

7 (23.3%)

60–80 years

11 (24.4%)

26 (57.8%)

8 (17.8%)

> 80 years

7 (36.8%)

11 (57.9%)

1 (5.3%)

Comorbidities

Body mass index (kg/m²) > 25

6 (16.2%)

23 (62.2%)

8 (21.6%)

0.405

Hypertension

16 (29.6%)

33 (61.1%)

5 (9.3%)

0.023

Dyslipidemia

17 (27.9%)

39 (63.9%)

5 (8.2%)

0.005

Coronary artery disease

17 (26.6%)

38 (59.4%)

9 (14.1%)

0.261

Dilated cardiomyopathy

2 (13.3%)

7 (46.7%)

6 (40.0%)

0.055

Valvular heart disease

6 (16.7%)

26 (72.2%)

4 (11.1%)

0.189

Chronic kidney disease

4 (26.7%)

11 (73.3%)

0.148

Diabetes mellitus

3 (11.1%)

19 (70.4%)

5 (18.5%)

0.249

Clinical severity

NYHA III–IV

0.095

Beta-blocker use

15 (71.4%)

35 (61.4%)

14 (87.5%)

0.132

Echocardiography and biomarkers

LVEF (%), median (IQR)

33.6 (23–41)

38 (31–50)

30 (21.9–56.5)

0.246

LVEF < 40%

14 (14.9%)

31 (33.0%)

11 (11.7%)

0.596

NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

3,276 (1,294–10,190)

4,962 (2,929–16,440)

6,507 (4,219–8,683)

0.150

Troponin-T (ng/L)

35.5 (15.5–115)

38.5 (19.3–82.2)

34.9 (22–46.4)

0.828

↓ **Table 2.** Readmission Rates by Heart Rates
Outcome	Total (n = 94)	< 70 bpm	70–100 bpm	> 100 bpm	P value
bpm: beats per minute.
30-day readmission	13 (13.8%)	3 (14.3%)	8 (14.0%)	2 (18.2%)	> 0.05
60-day readmission	5 (5.3%)	1 (5.0%)	4 (8.3%)	0 (0%)	> 0.05
90-day readmission	8 (8.5%)	4 (19.0%)	4 (8.3%)	0 (0%)	> 0.05

↓ Table 2. Readmission Rates by Heart Rates

Outcome

Total (n = 94)

< 70 bpm

70–100 bpm

> 100 bpm

P value

bpm: beats per minute.

30-day readmission

13 (13.8%)

3 (14.3%)

8 (14.0%)

2 (18.2%)

> 0.05

60-day readmission

5 (5.3%)

1 (5.0%)

4 (8.3%)

0 (0%)

> 0.05

90-day readmission

8 (8.5%)

4 (19.0%)

4 (8.3%)

0 (0%)

> 0.05

↓ **Table 3.** In-Hospital and Post-Discharge Mortality by Heart Rate
Outcomes	Total	< 70 bpm	70–100 bpm	> 100 bpm	P value
^aWhen dichotomized at 100 bpm (≤ 100 vs > 100), in-hospital mortality occurred in five patients in each group; however, due to the difference in group sizes (≤ 100 bpm: n = 78; > 100 bpm: n = 16), the corresponding mortality rates were 6.4% and 31.3%, respectively (P = 0.012). HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute.
In-hospital mortality^a	10 (10.6%)	1 (4.8%)	4 (7.5%)	5 (31.3%)	0.023
Admission HR and in-hospital mortality	—	2	4	4	0.573
30-day mortality	4 (4.3%)	0	4	0	> 0.05
60-day mortality	1 (1.1%)	0	1	0	> 0.05
90-day mortality	1 (1.1%)	1	0	0	> 0.05

↓ Table 3. In-Hospital and Post-Discharge Mortality by Heart Rate

Outcomes

Total

< 70 bpm

70–100 bpm

> 100 bpm

P value

^aWhen dichotomized at 100 bpm (≤ 100 vs > 100), in-hospital mortality occurred in five patients in each group; however, due to the difference in group sizes (≤ 100 bpm: n = 78; > 100 bpm: n = 16), the corresponding mortality rates were 6.4% and 31.3%, respectively (P = 0.012). HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute.

In-hospital mortality^a

10 (10.6%)

1 (4.8%)

4 (7.5%)

5 (31.3%)

0.023

Admission HR and in-hospital mortality

—

0.573

30-day mortality

4 (4.3%)

> 0.05

60-day mortality

1 (1.1%)

> 0.05

90-day mortality

1 (1.1%)

> 0.05