Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 1, February 2026, pages 1-9

Preheparin Serum Lipoprotein Lipase Mass as a Coronary Risk Factor in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Figure 1. The optimal cut-off value of pre-LpL mass for initial CAD event using ROC curve analysis. Using ROC curve analysis, participants were divided into two groups (low pre-LpL mass (group L) or high pre-LpL mass (group H)) by pre-LpL mass (cut-off value: 52 ng/mL for men, 60 ng/mL for women). The arrows indicate the optimal cut-off point value. CAD: coronary artery disease, pre-LpL mass: preheparin serum lipoprotein lipase mass; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; AUC: area under the curve.

Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier curve analysis for the incidence of CAD event. During the observation period, group L (low pre-LpL mass) had a significantly higher incidence of a CAD event than group H (high pre-LpL mass, P < 0.001, log-rank test). CAD: coronary artery disease; pre-LpL mass: preheparin serum lipoprotein lipase mass.

**Table 1.** Clinical Characteristics of the Studied Groups
Characteristics	Overall	Group H	Group L	P value
Continuous values are presented as mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). LpL: lipoprotein lipase; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; FBG: fasting blood glucose; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TyG: triglyceride-glucose; AF: autofluorescence; AU: arbitrary unit; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.
N (male/female)	480 (160/320)	269 (75/194)	211 (85/126)	0.004
Age (years)	75 ± 12	75 ± 12	76 ± 12	0.582
Serum LpL (ng/mL)	61 ± 17	73 ± 12	46 ± 8	< 0.001
Risk factors
BMI (kg/m²)	23.1 ± 3.6	23.1 ± 3.5	23.1 ± 3.6	0.876
Smoker, n (%)	83 (17)	36 (13)	47 (22)	0.011
Hypertension, n (%)	338 (70)	190 (71)	148 (70)	0.907
SBP (mm Hg)	137 ± 15	137 ± 15	137 ± 16	0.971
DBP (mm Hg)	84 ± 11	84 ± 11	85 ± 11	0.663
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	334 (70)	189 (70)	145 (69)	0.717
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	162 (34)	76 (28)	86 (41)	0.004
Clinical parameters
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	47 ± 9	47 ± 9	46 ± 9	0.075
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	134 ± 35	132 ± 32	138 ± 38	0.113
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	130 ± 66	120 ± 63	143 ± 68	0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	59 ± 15	63 ± 15	54 ± 13	< 0.001
Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	160 ± 37	156 ± 33	166 ± 41	0.004
FBG (mg/dL)	112 ± 22	109 ± 21	116 ± 23	0.007
hs-CRP (mg/L)	0.6 (0.2–1.2)	0.5 (0.1–0.8)	0.9 (0.4–1.7)	< 0.001
TyG index	8.8 ± 0.5	8.6 ± 0.6	8.9 ± 0.5	< 0.001
Albuminuria, n (%)	148 (31)	72 (27)	76 (36)	0.029
Skin AF (AU)	2.8 ± 0.5	2.6 ± 0.5	2.9 ± 0.5	0.001
Medication
RAS inhibitor, n (%)	217 (45)	133 (49)	84 (40)	0.035
Statin, n (%)	199 (42)	123 (46)	76 (36)	0.032

Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of the Studied Groups

Characteristics

Overall

Group H

Group L

P value

Continuous values are presented as mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). LpL: lipoprotein lipase; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; FBG: fasting blood glucose; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TyG: triglyceride-glucose; AF: autofluorescence; AU: arbitrary unit; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.

N (male/female)

480 (160/320)

269 (75/194)

211 (85/126)

0.004

Age (years)

75 ± 12

76 ± 12

0.582

Serum LpL (ng/mL)

61 ± 17

73 ± 12

46 ± 8

< 0.001

Risk factors

BMI (kg/m²)

23.1 ± 3.6

23.1 ± 3.5

23.1 ± 3.6

0.876

Smoker, n (%)

83 (17)

36 (13)

47 (22)

0.011

Hypertension, n (%)

338 (70)

190 (71)

148 (70)

0.907

SBP (mm Hg)

137 ± 15

137 ± 16

0.971

DBP (mm Hg)

84 ± 11

85 ± 11

0.663

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

334 (70)

189 (70)

145 (69)

0.717

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

162 (34)

76 (28)

86 (41)

0.004

Clinical parameters

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

47 ± 9

46 ± 9

0.075

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

134 ± 35

132 ± 32

138 ± 38

0.113

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

130 ± 66

120 ± 63

143 ± 68

0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

59 ± 15

63 ± 15

54 ± 13

< 0.001

Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

160 ± 37

156 ± 33

166 ± 41

0.004

FBG (mg/dL)

112 ± 22

109 ± 21

116 ± 23

0.007

hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.6 (0.2–1.2)

0.5 (0.1–0.8)

0.9 (0.4–1.7)

< 0.001

TyG index

8.8 ± 0.5

8.6 ± 0.6

8.9 ± 0.5

< 0.001

Albuminuria, n (%)

148 (31)

72 (27)

76 (36)

0.029

Skin AF (AU)

2.8 ± 0.5

2.6 ± 0.5

2.9 ± 0.5

0.001

Medication

RAS inhibitor, n (%)

217 (45)

133 (49)

84 (40)

0.035

Statin, n (%)

199 (42)

123 (46)

76 (36)

0.032

**Table 2.** Characteristics at Registration of Patients With and Without CAD Event
Characteristics	CAD event (–)	CAD event (+)	P value
Continuous values are presented as mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; FBG: fasting blood glucose; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C reactive protein; TyG: triglyceride-glucose; AF: autofluorescence; AU: arbitrary unit; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.
N (male/female)	438 (142/296)	42 (18/24)	0.171
Age (years)	75 ± 12	80 ± 10	0.009
BMI (kg/m²)	23.1 ± 3.5	23.3 ± 4.1	0.697
Smoker, n (%)	74 (17)	9 (21)	0.459
Hypertension, n (%)	306 (70)	32 (76)	0.392
SBP (mm Hg)	137 ± 16	141 ± 12	0.112
DBP (mm Hg)	85 ± 11	83 ± 11	0.382
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	307 (70)	27 (64)	0.436
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	140 (30)	22 (52)	0.007
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	47 ± 9	40 ± 9	< 0.001
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	133 ± 35	144 ± 36	0.059
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	128 ± 68	152 ± 44	0.026
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	59 ± 15	58 ± 11	0.528
Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	159 ± 37	174 ± 38	0.011
FBG (mg/dL)	112 ± 21	116 ± 25	0.307
hs-CRP (mg/L)	0.6 (0.2–1.2)	1.2 (0.5–1.3)	< 0.001
TyG index	8.7 ± 0.5	9.0 ± 0.3	< 0.001
Albuminuria n (%)	129 (30)	19 (45)	0.034
Skin AF (AU)	2.7 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.5	< 0.001
RAS inhibitor, n (%)	205 (47)	12 (29)	0.023
Statin, n (%)	191 (44)	8 (19)	0.002

Table 2. Characteristics at Registration of Patients With and Without CAD Event

Characteristics

CAD event (–)

CAD event (+)

P value

Continuous values are presented as mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; FBG: fasting blood glucose; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C reactive protein; TyG: triglyceride-glucose; AF: autofluorescence; AU: arbitrary unit; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.

N (male/female)

438 (142/296)

42 (18/24)

0.171

Age (years)

75 ± 12

80 ± 10

0.009

BMI (kg/m²)

23.1 ± 3.5

23.3 ± 4.1

0.697

Smoker, n (%)

74 (17)

9 (21)

0.459

Hypertension, n (%)

306 (70)

32 (76)

0.392

SBP (mm Hg)

137 ± 16

141 ± 12

0.112

DBP (mm Hg)

85 ± 11

83 ± 11

0.382

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

307 (70)

27 (64)

0.436

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

140 (30)

22 (52)

0.007

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

47 ± 9

40 ± 9

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

133 ± 35

144 ± 36

0.059

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

128 ± 68

152 ± 44

0.026

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

59 ± 15

58 ± 11

0.528

Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

159 ± 37

174 ± 38

0.011

FBG (mg/dL)

112 ± 21

116 ± 25

0.307

hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.6 (0.2–1.2)

1.2 (0.5–1.3)

< 0.001

TyG index

8.7 ± 0.5

9.0 ± 0.3

< 0.001

Albuminuria n (%)

129 (30)

19 (45)

0.034

Skin AF (AU)

2.7 ± 0.5

3.1 ± 0.5

< 0.001

RAS inhibitor, n (%)

205 (47)

12 (29)

0.023

Statin, n (%)

191 (44)

8 (19)

0.002

**Table 3.** Multivariate Cox Regression Analysis for CAD Event
Variable	HR	95% CI	P value
CAD: coronary artery disease; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; AF: autofluorescence; AU: arbitrary unit; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Skin AF (≥ 2.8 AU)	2.96	1.53–5.75	0.001
Group L (vs. group H)	2.8	1.39–5.64	0.003
Age (≥ 80 years)	2.45	1.35–3.91	0.004
hs-CRP (≥ 1 mg/L)	2.17	1.19–3.17	0.011
eGFR (≤ 46)	2.11	0.88–5.04	0.092

Table 3. Multivariate Cox Regression Analysis for CAD Event

Variable

95% CI

P value

CAD: coronary artery disease; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; AF: autofluorescence; AU: arbitrary unit; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Skin AF (≥ 2.8 AU)

2.96

1.53–5.75

0.001

Group L (vs. group H)

2.8

1.39–5.64

0.003

Age (≥ 80 years)

2.45

1.35–3.91

0.004

hs-CRP (≥ 1 mg/L)

2.17

1.19–3.17

0.011

eGFR (≤ 46)

2.11

0.88–5.04

0.092