Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 17, Number 4, August 2026, pages 330-337

Changes in Lipoprotein Fractions and Lipoprotein-Associated Alpha-Tocopherol After Sleeve Gastrectomy in Patients With Severe Obesity

↓ Figure 1. Changes in estimated sdLDL-C levels and estimated sdLDL-C/eLDL-C before and after sleeve gastrectomy. Overall P values were calculated using the Friedman test. Post hoc comparisons with baseline were performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment. *Adjusted P < 0.05, **Adjusted P < 0.01 versus baseline. eLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol measured by enzymatic assays; sdLDL-C: small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

↓ Figure 2. Changes in lipoprotein fractions measured by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (AEX-HPLC) before and after sleeve gastrectomy. Overall P values were calculated using the Friedman test. Post hoc comparisons with baseline were performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment. *Adjusted P < 0.05, **Adjusted P < 0.01 versus baseline.

↓ Figure 3. Changes in α-tocopherol content in lipoprotein fractions before and after sleeve gastrectomy. Overall P values were calculated using the Friedman test. Post hoc comparisons with baseline were performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment. *Adjusted P < 0.05, **Adjusted P < 0.01 versus baseline.

↓ Figure 4. Changes in the α-tocopherol-to-lipoprotein ratio in each fraction before and after sleeve gastrectomy. Overall P values were calculated using the Friedman test. Post hoc comparisons with baseline were performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment. *Adjusted P < 0.05, **Adjusted P < 0.01 versus baseline.

↓ **Table 1.** The Baseline Characteristics of the Patients (n = 12)
Variables	n, mean ± SD
BMI: body mass index.
Gender (female/male)	10/2
Age (years)	45.3 ± 10.5
Body height (cm)	159.9 ± 5.5
Body weight (kg)	111.2 ± 17.6
BMI (kg/m²)	43.4 ± 5.9
Comorbidities
Diabetes	3
Dyslipidemia	10
Hypertension	5
Medication
Antihyperglycemic agents	0
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor	1
Angiotensin II receptor blockers	4
Calcium channel blockers	4
Statins	3
Ezetimibe	1
Fibrates	2

↓ Table 1. The Baseline Characteristics of the Patients (n = 12)

Variables

n, mean ± SD

BMI: body mass index.

Gender (female/male)

10/2

Age (years)

45.3 ± 10.5

Body height (cm)

159.9 ± 5.5

Body weight (kg)

111.2 ± 17.6

BMI (kg/m²)

43.4 ± 5.9

Comorbidities

Diabetes

Dyslipidemia

Hypertension

Medication

Antihyperglycemic agents

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

Calcium channel blockers

Statins

Ezetimibe

Fibrates

↓ **Table 2.** The Postoperative Changes in Metabolic Parameters 6 and 12 Months After Sleeve Gastrectomy (n = 12)
Variables	Baseline	6 months	12 months	Overall P	Adjusted P value
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Overall P values were calculated using the Friedman test. Post hoc comparisons with baseline were performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; eHDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol measured by enzymatic assays; eLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol measured by enzymatic assays; eTC: total cholesterol measured by enzymatic assays; eTG: triglyceride measured by enzymatic assays; GGTP: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
Body weight (kg)	111.2 ± 17.6	87.2 ± 13.1	86.0 ± 12.6	< 0.001	0.002	0.002
BMI (kg/m²)	43.4 ± 5.9	34.1 ± 4.3	33.6 ± 4.4	< 0.001	0.002	0.002
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)	119 ± 29	89 ± 9	90 ± 5	0.008	0.010	0.008
HbA1c (%)	6.2 ± 0.7	5.3 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.2	< 0.001	0.004	0.003
AST (IU/L)	34 ± 24	39 ± 67	19 ± 6	0.266	0.270	0.118
ALT (IU/L)	36 ± 26	43 ± 90	17 ± 6	0.008	0.157	0.028
GGTP (IU/L)	59 ± 61	89 ± 168	40 ± 67	0.041	0.533	0.076
eTC (mg/dL)	207 ± 26	212 ± 28	212 ± 18	0.779	0.866	0.754
eHDL-C (mg/dL)	48 ± 8	62 ± 11	65 ± 13	< 0.001	0.003	0.004
eLDL-C (mg/dL)	132 ± 24	128 ± 27	128 ± 24	0.667	1.000	0.556
eNon-HDL-C (mg/dL)	159 ± 24	149 ± 26	147 ± 22	0.338	0.158	0.198
eTG (mg/dL)	194 ± 62	89 ± 35	86 ± 25	< 0.001	0.002	0.002
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.71 ± 0.15	0.68 ± 0.12	0.65 ± 0.10	0.076	0.145	0.090

↓ Table 2. The Postoperative Changes in Metabolic Parameters 6 and 12 Months After Sleeve Gastrectomy (n = 12)

Variables

Baseline

6 months

12 months

Overall P

Adjusted P value

6 months vs. baseline

12 months vs. baseline

Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Overall P values were calculated using the Friedman test. Post hoc comparisons with baseline were performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; eHDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol measured by enzymatic assays; eLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol measured by enzymatic assays; eTC: total cholesterol measured by enzymatic assays; eTG: triglyceride measured by enzymatic assays; GGTP: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

Body weight (kg)

111.2 ± 17.6

87.2 ± 13.1

86.0 ± 12.6

< 0.001

0.002

BMI (kg/m²)

43.4 ± 5.9

34.1 ± 4.3

33.6 ± 4.4

< 0.001

0.002

Plasma glucose (mg/dL)

119 ± 29

89 ± 9

90 ± 5

0.008

0.010

0.008

HbA1c (%)

6.2 ± 0.7

5.3 ± 0.2

5.4 ± 0.2

< 0.001

0.004

0.003

AST (IU/L)

34 ± 24

39 ± 67

19 ± 6

0.266

0.270

0.118

ALT (IU/L)

36 ± 26

43 ± 90

17 ± 6

0.008

0.157

0.028

GGTP (IU/L)

59 ± 61

89 ± 168

40 ± 67

0.041

0.533

0.076

eTC (mg/dL)

207 ± 26

212 ± 28

212 ± 18

0.779

0.866

0.754

eHDL-C (mg/dL)

48 ± 8

62 ± 11

65 ± 13

< 0.001

0.003

0.004

eLDL-C (mg/dL)

132 ± 24

128 ± 27

128 ± 24

0.667

1.000

0.556

eNon-HDL-C (mg/dL)

159 ± 24

149 ± 26

147 ± 22

0.338

0.158

0.198

eTG (mg/dL)

194 ± 62

89 ± 35

86 ± 25

< 0.001

0.002

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.71 ± 0.15

0.68 ± 0.12

0.65 ± 0.10

0.076

0.145

0.090