Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://cr.elmerpub.com

Review

Volume 17, Number 6, December 2026, pages 572-576

Coffee and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation

↓ **Table 1.** Controlled Studies Investigating the Effect of Coffee Drinking on the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation and Other Cardiac Arrythmias
Study	Year	Design	# Patients	Population	Control	Outcome
AF: atrial fibrillation.
Wong et al [7]	2025	Prospective open label	200; followed for 3 years	AF, followed after cardioversion	Non-coffee drinkers	Coffee drinkers had less recurrence of AF
Marcus et al [6]	2023	Prospective, randomized	100; followed for 14 days	Healthy patients evaluated for number of premature atrial contractions	Non-coffee drinkers	Consumption of coffee did not result in higher frequency of premature atrial contractions by continuous monitoring
Iten et al [9]	2024	Prospective observational	3,835; followed for 4–7 years	Patients with documented AF	Non-coffee drinkers	Patients with persistent AF had reduced risk of acute heart failure and lower mortality in coffee drinkers
Kim et al [8]	2021	Prospective cohort from UK Biobank	386,258 patients who developed cardiac arrhythmias in 4–5 years	Patients who developed cardiac arrhythmias and drank coffee		Each cup of coffee had a 3% lower risk of cardiac arrhythmias, including supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia
Bazal et al [10]	2021	Prospective study in Spain	254,462 patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease	Patients who developed new AF and were coffee drinkers	Patients who developed more AF but were non-coffee drinkers	Moderate coffee drinking led to reduction of AF
Yuan et al [11]	2019	Data from AF Consortium	588,190	Patients who had AF and were coffee drinkers	Patients who had AF but did not drink coffee	Coffee drinking showed no cardiac nor any effect on the risk of AF
Bodar et al [12]	2019	Prospective study of Physicians’ Health Study	18,960; follow-up for 9 years	New cases of AF in the population	No consumption of coffee	Lower risk of AF in people who consumed 1–3 cups of coffee per day
Mostofsky et al [13]	2016	Population-based study	57,053; follow-up for 13.5 years	Patients from Danish diet study who reported AF	Non-coffee drinkers	Higher level of coffee consumption had lower rate of incidence of AF
Larson et al [14]	2015	12 years of follow-up	76,475; follow-up for 12 years	Patients from the Swedish population	Non-coffee drinkers	No evidence that coffee increased the risk of incidence of AF
Mattioli et al [15]	2009	48 h after detection	600 patients with first episode of AF	Hypotensive patients with first know AF	Coffee vs. non-coffee consumption	Coffee consumption led to less likely spontaneous conversion of AF

↓ Table 1. Controlled Studies Investigating the Effect of Coffee Drinking on the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation and Other Cardiac Arrythmias

Study

Year

Design

# Patients

Population

Control

Outcome

AF: atrial fibrillation.

Wong et al [7]

2025

Prospective open label

200; followed for 3 years

AF, followed after cardioversion

Non-coffee drinkers

Coffee drinkers had less recurrence of AF

Marcus et al [6]

2023

Prospective, randomized

100; followed for 14 days

Healthy patients evaluated for number of premature atrial contractions

Non-coffee drinkers

Consumption of coffee did not result in higher frequency of premature atrial contractions by continuous monitoring

Iten et al [9]

2024

Prospective observational

3,835; followed for 4–7 years

Patients with documented AF

Non-coffee drinkers

Patients with persistent AF had reduced risk of acute heart failure and lower mortality in coffee drinkers

Kim et al [8]

2021

Prospective cohort from UK Biobank

386,258 patients who developed cardiac arrhythmias in 4–5 years

Patients who developed cardiac arrhythmias and drank coffee

Each cup of coffee had a 3% lower risk of cardiac arrhythmias, including supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia

Bazal et al [10]

2021

Prospective study in Spain

254,462 patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease

Patients who developed new AF and were coffee drinkers

Patients who developed more AF but were non-coffee drinkers

Moderate coffee drinking led to reduction of AF

Yuan et al [11]

2019

Data from AF Consortium

588,190

Patients who had AF and were coffee drinkers

Patients who had AF but did not drink coffee

Coffee drinking showed no cardiac nor any effect on the risk of AF

Bodar et al [12]

2019

Prospective study of Physicians’ Health Study

18,960; follow-up for 9 years

New cases of AF in the population

No consumption of coffee

Lower risk of AF in people who consumed 1–3 cups of coffee per day

Mostofsky et al [13]

2016

Population-based study

57,053; follow-up for 13.5 years

Patients from Danish diet study who reported AF

Non-coffee drinkers

Higher level of coffee consumption had lower rate of incidence of AF

Larson et al [14]

2015

12 years of follow-up

76,475; follow-up for 12 years

Patients from the Swedish population

Non-coffee drinkers

No evidence that coffee increased the risk of incidence of AF

Mattioli et al [15]

2009

48 h after detection

600 patients with first episode of AF

Hypotensive patients with first know AF

Coffee vs. non-coffee consumption

Coffee consumption led to less likely spontaneous conversion of AF